chapter 15: chromosomal basis of inheritance

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26 Terms

1

parental type

phenotype of the parents

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2

recombinant

the offspring having a different phenotype than either of the parents

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3

aneuploidy

abnormal number of a particular chromosome

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4

monosomy

zygote only has one copy of an chromosome

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5

trisomy

zygote has an extra copy of a chromosome

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6

polyploidy

organism has more than 2 sets of chromosomes

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7

deletion

nucleotide base removed from DNA strand

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8

duplication

nucleotide base duplicated in a DNA strand

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9

inverstion

set of nucleotides are inverted

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10

translocation

set of nucleotides from different DNA strand is inserted into a new strand

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11

sex-linked gene

a gene is located on a sex chromosome

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12

why most genetic disorders are on the x chromosome

the x chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome, therefore can carry more genes

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13

x-inactivation and barr body

  • x inactivation occurs in every somatic cell in a human woman. it’s when one of the x chromsomes is inactivated/condensed because there it already a copy of it

  • barr body is the name of a condensed chromosome

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14

what is a “carrier”

it means you are heterozygous for a recessive disorder

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15

recombination frequency

(# recombinant) / (# total offspring)

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16

linkage map units

determined by the frequency of the genes occurring together

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17

if the recombination frequency is less than 50%….

…then the genes are most likely on the same chromosome

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18

how do recombinants appear if two genes are on the same chromosome

crossing over

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19

nondisjunction and consequences

  • sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes not separating in meiosis

  • genetic disorders from having additional chromosome or lacking a chromosome

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20

nondisjunction in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2

  • meiosis 1: occurs when homologous chromosomes don’t separate properly. causes all gametes in the 4 daughter cells to be affected

  • meiosis 2: occurs when sister chromatids do not separate properly. causes the 2 daughter cells to be affected

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21

chromosomal alteration types

insertion, deletion, translocation, duplication

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22

down syndrome

occurs when someone has 3 copies of chromosome 21

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23

klinefelter syndrome

a male has 2 x chromosomes (XXY)

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24

turner syndrome/ monosomy x

a female is missing an x chromosome (X0)

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25

genomic imprinting

the maternal allele and paternal allele are distinguished and only one is used, silencing the other.

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26

why some disease come from female even though not on X

because the organelles are donated by the mother, not the father

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