APUSH DBQ Term 3

Motives for imperialism

\-economic:open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials

\-political: desire to compete with other countries; didn’t want to fall behind

\-strategic/military: acquire naval bases, build up the navy in general

\~building of Panama Canal

\-ideological motives: idea of “white man’s burden”

\~Darwin’s concepts applied to international affairs; the strong naturally conquer the weak

\~Anglo-Saxon civilization superior, must colonize other lands to spread “superior” civilization

\-yellow journalism romanticized far off lands, caused desires in the public for a want to colonize and take over

Motives against imperialism

\-Anti-Imperialists believed that imperialism violated the idea that the government must get its power from the consent of governed

\-many preferred the idea of isolationism

\-held the idea of Democracy up to the highest standards

\-there were some nativist feelings regarding this as well; fears that U.S. annexation of new areas would cause an influx of non-white immigrants to enter the country

\-most people just felt that the treatment of the people in these new areas was unjust

Hawaii Annexation

\-Hawaii had long been regarded as part of the U.S. (also U.S. pretty much told other nations to piss off so yk)

\~U.S. sugar and fruit companies were so deeply entrenched in Hawaii that they largely controlled/ran the islands

\~there was an increase in resistance from Native Hawaiians due to this control and an increase in American presence

\-sugar companies scared/annoyed because of a possibility that Japan might take over Hawaii and the McKinley tariff raised prices of Hawaiian sugar/fruit imported to the U.S.

\~these companies wanted Hawaii in the nation fr, but there was still lots of resistance from the Natives and the Queen herself (!!)

\-the whites in Hawaii staged a revolt; between them and the U.S. military the Queen was dethroned

\-annexation papers were drawn up ut Grover Cleveland was like uhhh no because of the way Hawaii was taken (Hawaii would be annexed anyway 5 years later in 1898)

The Spanish-American War

CAUSES:

\-Cuban revolt against Spain; Americans got interested bc Americans

The Philippines

US MOTIVES: "christianize and civilize" the islands, stay in the Philippines indefinitely, "rescue victims of Spanish tyranny"

\\n US POLICIES: Excluded Filipinos from peace negotiations with Spain, the Philippines would not be self-governed

\\n RESULTS: Filipinos wanted freedom, there was an insurrection under Emilio Aginaldo which in turn lead to the deployment of 126,000 US troops, race wars, and reconcentration camps. Economic (sugar) ties developed between the US and the islands; DC poured millions of dollars into the islands to improve roads, health, sanitation, etc.

China

US MOTIVES: wanted to protect missionary strongholds and merchant markets in China from European powers like Russia and Germany.

\\n US POLICIES: Open Door Note

\\n RESULTS: Boxer Rebellion, which in turn led to vindictive US policies. The US assessed China an excessive indemnity of $333 million. Some of the money would be used to educate Chinese students in the US, further westernizing China.

Teddy Roosevelt

FOREIGN POLICY:

*

William Taft

* overall super focused on progressive reforms
* busted lots of trusts
* wanted to lower tariffs
* wanted to expand trade with foreign countries (South and Central America, Asia)

The Panama Canal

US MOTIVES: Building an isthmian canal would augment the strength of the navy by increasing its mobility, make it easier to defend Hawaii and the Philippines, and would facilitate merchant trade and markets.

\\n US POLICIES: The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (dealt with the previous Clayton-Bulwer treaty.) The Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty widened the canal zone from six to ten miles and accepted the original proposed US payment for the canal land.

\\n RESULTS: The "rape of Panama" (disconnecting it from Colombia and the presence of US troops) marked an ugly downward turn in US relations with Latin America. The construction of the Panama Canal was completed in 1914 just as WWI began.

Open Door Policy

the proposition to keep trade in China open equally to trade with all countries, preventing any one nation from controlling trade in the region

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension to Monroe Doctrine; stated that the United States had the right to protect the latin American countries

Insular Cases

Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag; in other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

Teller Amendment

Proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

The USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Emilio Aguinaldo

leader of the Filipino nationalists, claimed that the United States had promised immediate independence after the Spanish-American War ended.

Dollar Diplomacy

name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad; first applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua; President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America

Proclamation of Neutrality

When war broke out in Europe, the United States immediately declared its neutrality. President Woodrow Wilson stated that America must be “impartial in thought as well as in action.” For a century, the U.S. had stayed out of European affairs. Most Americans preferred to continue this policy.

Lusitania

What happened

\-Germany torpedoed and sunk the ship

\-1200 people killed

Consequences

\-many Americans called for war (although Americans were warned of a possible attack)

\-William Jennings Bryan resigned due to the possibility of war

Arabic

What happened

\-2 Americans killed

Consequences

\-Berlin reluctantly agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships w/out warning

Sussex Pledge

What happened

\-the Germans torpedoed a french passenger ship with out warning

Consequences

\-Germany violated the Arabic pledge, which infuriated WIlson. Wilson then threatened to break diplomatic relations with Germany; Germany countered by saying the US would have to persuade the Allies to modify their blockade to prevent further attacks. Wilson refused Germany's demand, teetering the US on the brink of war.

\-initially, Germany also signed the “Sussex Pledge” which stated that no attacks would be made on ships with out warning; G later retracted the pledge when they realized it undermined the purpose of submarines

Peace without victory

World War I should be ended without there being a clear winner and that the losing side shouldn't be punished too severely. He was afraid that the losing side would feel embarrassed and bitter if the winners imposed harsh terms on them.

Zimmerman Note

(1917) German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States; when the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war

He Kept Us Out of War (and how/why this position changed on Wilson’s part)

\-Germany threatened to erase the Sussex Pledge in response to Wilson’s “peace w/out victory” speech (defeat Germany w/out embarrassing them)

\-Zimmerman Note: intercepted note from Germany to Mexico in which Germany encouraged Mexico to go to war with America; the note was then published which caused public outrage

\-Germany sunk four more American vessels

\-Revolution in Russia toppled the tzars, Americans could justify fighting in the war as fighting for democracy; Wilson convinced the public of this fact

The Great Migration

Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Espionage and Sedition Acts

(1917) a law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty"; together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties

Schenck v. US

a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I.

Eugene Debs

He was the president and the organizer of the American Railway Union; he organized the Pullman Strike and helped organize the Social Democratic party. Debs was a socialist and convicted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Like many others, he was granted a Presidential Pardon after the war.

19th Amendment

(1920) this Constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for women's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York

Irreconcilables

Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and HIram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I; their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization

Reservationists

Senators who sought to delay the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles by attaching reservations (led by Henry Cabot Lodge)

Article X

Lodge's most hated part of the Treaty of Versailles, this section would morally bind the US to aid any members of the League who were victimized by external aggression.

Solemn Referendum

Wilson's pet solution for the treaty deadlock and one of the reasons why he refused to compromise with Lodge's reservations. Wilson wanted to turn the upcoming presidential election of 1920 into a referendum on the League, with the people of America voicing their opinions via their ballots.

Boston Police Strike

Strike by poorly paid Boston policemen in the fall of 1919. Policemen abandoned their beats and chaos ensued; after two days, Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order. Public sympathy lay with Coolidge, demonstrating popular hostility toward labor militancy in the wake of the war. \\n \\n tl;dr- Policemen were mad at their lousy pay and stopped catching bad guys, people were not happy about this

The Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants accused of murder in Massachusetts and who were the targets of attention because they were foreign, draft dodgers, anarchists, and atheists. Left-wingers flocked to their cause, but the pair was ultimately found guilty and executed in 1927. The evidence against them had some merit, but their fate was pretty much decided because the judge and jury were biased against their leftist beliefs. Their trial highlighted the fatal tensions of the Red Scare.

Billy Sunday

A fire and brimstone evangelist who railed against Bolsheviks, calling for their arrest. His speeches reflected the fear of foreign and leftist ideas that pervaded the Red Scare.

Describe the impact of the automobile on the economy/manufacturing and the lives of Americans.

Heralded a new industrial system based on assembly line methods and mass-production techniques.

Sprang an enormous industry into being, with Detroit becoming the motorcar capital of America.

Ford was able to utilize assembly lines and standardization (see Fordism!) to produce a vehicle for about $260 (affordable for a thrifty worker)

By 1929 and the start of the GD, 26 million motor vehicles were registered in the US → far more (proportionally) to any other country in the world.

The new automobile industry displaced steel as kingpin and employed 6 million people. It was a major wellspring of the nation's prosperity and created jobs in other industries (rubber, fabric, glass, etc.)

The US's standard of living rose sharply.

New industries boomed (petroleum, oil) while older ones suffered (railroads)

Speedy market of perishable food, prosperity for farms, nation quickly constructed roadway system.

America developed further suburbs, became a country of commuters to work, school, and church.

Safety was an issue. There were a LOT of automobile deaths in the 20th century.

Motorcars came to be seen as a necessity and a sign of self respect. People could use them to travel more and transform their leisure time, and cars also provided women with more independence from men.

Describe the impact of the radio on the economy/manufacturing and the lives of Americans.

The advertising industry utilized radio as another tool for American free enterprise and radio helped make labels and brands household names/common purchases.

Radio drew Americans back into the home, with families gathering around their radio like a hearth.

Radio was significant for education and culture, sports, political speeches and voting, and it brought music and art to individual homes.

Describe the impact of the movies on the economy/manufacturing and the lives of Americans.

CA became the movie capital of the world.

Films were used as an engine of anti-German propaganda during WWI with "hang-the-kaiser" films.

Movies eclipsed all other amusements in terms of popularity. Movie stars became rich and famous and were more well known than politicians.

Movies and radio eroded ethnic communities' isolation as immigrant children turned to American media for entertainment. Both forms of entertainment standardized American mainstream tastes and the American language.

Flappers

A representation of new American feelings regarding sex and women, young "flappers" wore bobbed hair and shorter dresses, taped down their breasts, used obvious makeup, smoked, etc. Their antics flummoxed America's "guardians of respectability" and symbolized independence in American women.

Rise of the KKK

This revival of the KKK was not only anti-black, but also anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti-foreign, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-birth control, anti-pretty-much-everything. It was an ultraconservative response against the many forces of reform, diversity, and modernity that had been transforming American culture in the previous decades.

The resurgence was strongest in the Midwest and the Bible Belt in the south (where Protestant fundamentalism thrived.) \\n The KKK capitalized on its camaraderie and secret rituals to further attract members.

Margaret Sanger

Fiery feminist leader of the unorganized birth control movement, openly championed the use of contraceptives and believed in eugenics

Marcus Garvey

Harlem-spawned, charismatic political leader. He found UNIA and though most of his enterprises failed financially and he was convicted/deported by the US gov in 1927, he inspired self-reliance and confidence in black Americans. Also influenced the later Nation of Islam (black Muslim) movement.

Langston Hughes

a renowned poet in Harlem who graduated from Lincoln University in 1929; he wrote "The Weary Blues", "Mother to Son", etc. His work emphasized the black experience

Harlem Renaissance

a creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life

Mass Consumption

After the war and the recession of 1920-21, the economy grew for 7 years. Both the war and Andrew Mellon's tax policies favored the rapid expansion of capital investment.

New machines and assembly lines increased efficiency and the capacity for profit.

New industries emerged: electricity, automobiles, etc.

American manufacturers had mastered production, they now worried about consumption and finding markets.

The advertising industry thus developed and encouraged Americans to want "more, more, more" through persuasion and seduction.

Sports became big business in this economy, as did buying on credit. People would buy fridges, vacuums, cars, and radios now with no regard to frugality.

Mass Marketing

Ad campaigns by professional advertising firms played upon the emotions and vulnerabilities of their targeted audiences \\n • Advertising professionals believed they were helping people manage their lives in a way that would increase their satisfaction and pleasure

Scopes Trial

Even as increasing numbers of Christians were coming to reconcile religion with modern science, fundamentalism remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life. Fundamentalism was strongest in the Bible Belt south (where the Scopes trial took place and where the KKK's resurgence was most prominent.)

Both science and progressive education in the 1920s were under attack from fundamentalists, despite advances in both fields (as symbolized by the trial's religious attacks on the teaching of evolution.)

Charles Lindbergh

American aviator who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Isolationist orator and "America Firster." Catalyzed the passage of the "Lindbergh Law" that allowed the death penalty to certain cases of interstate abduction after the murder of his infant son

Immigration Act of 1924

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

18th Amendment

prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol

21st Amendment

Alcoholic beverages are once again legal in the United States. 18th Amendment is repealed.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

(1928) a sentimental triumph of the 1920's peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war." However, it still permitted defensive wars and was virtually useless. It accurately and dangerously reflected the American willingness to be lulled into a false sense of security.

Dawes Plan

(1924) an arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments; it stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany. The plan further complicated the financial cycle between Europe and the US.

Trickle Down Theory (Supply-side economics)

Enacted by Hoover during the depression; the president would assist hard-pressed RRs, banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a "trickle down" basis

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

(1932) Reconstruction Finance Corporation / a government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments; it was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

\-Young men were hired to work in national forests (lived in camps and cleared land, blazed trails, drained swamps, etc:.)

\-provided some experience, adventure and a wage to send home

relief

Banking Holiday

\-closed banks for one week; “time-out” to stop the bleeding

\-Emergency Banking Relief Act: only banks that were financially stable could reopen

recovery

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

\-to help curb unemployment and help improve the nations infrastructure

relief

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

\-to build a series of dams along the Tennessee River (provide jobs, help with housing via jobs and provide electricity)

relief (?)

Social Security

\-set up a payment plan for old age, the handicapped, delinquent children and other dependents

\-payments were funded by taxes placed on workers and employers, then given to the groups above

reform

Security and Exchange Commission

An independent federal government agency responsible for protecting investors, maintaining fair and orderly functioning of securities markets, and facilitating capital formation. - Founded by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1934, considered a part of his New Deal.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

\-it ensured peoples money in the bank up to $5000

\-there was no need to fear one’s money in the banks anymore

reform

The Wagner Act

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employer.

Court Packing

The "court packing" failed because Roosevelt did not realize the SC was "sacred" in popular opinion and he was vilified for attempting to "break down" the checks and balances of the US gov. 

Roosevelt Recession

Name for the 1937 economic downturn within the GD. The name was used to critique FDR because certain government policies (like social security) were actually responsible for the nosedive.

Huey Long

An outspoken, left-leaning Louisiana senator who proposed a "share the wealth" program that would grant every family $5000 at the expense of the prosperous. He initially supported FDR, but came to believe the New Deal was insufficient and didn't properly help the poor. Long was assassinated in 1935.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who came up with the concept of Keynesian Economics (which said that economic output is influenced by the total spending in an economy). After the 1937 "Roosevelt Recession," FDR consulted Keynes' economic policies.

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

those were the three R's of the New Deal. Relief meant to give a quick fix to what was wrong with the economy, and help people get back on their feet. Recover and Reform meant to legislate and make sure that the depression doesn't come back.

Gerald Nye and the Nye Report

Leader of the senate committee in 1934 that investigated "the blood business" (merchants benefiting from war industries). By sensationalizing evidence regarding America's entry into World War I, the senatorial probes shifted blame away from German submarines to American bankers and manufacturers. This is turn led to the reasoning that if profits could be removed from the arms traffic, the country could steer clear of any world conflict that might erupt in the future.

Manchuria

A coveted Chinese province overtaken by Japanese imperialists in 1931, who noted that the West was distracted with the economic depression. The Japanese looted shut the Open Door Policy in the area.

Munich Conference

Meeting of European powers held in 1938, with the leaders of Britain and France eager to appease Hitler. People hoped that the concessions made to Germany at the conference would bring peace.

Why was the London Conference symbolic of the US’s isolationist policy. Describe the consequences of this failed conference.

It was a sixty-six-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates; FDR originally planned to have the US participate, but then ultimately decided to pull out of the negotiations and keep his focus on domestic inflationary policies, deepening the world economic crisis by doing do. \\n \\n CONSEQUENCES: Worsened world economic crisis, extreme nationalism, strengthened American isolationism, the conference fell apart and accomplished nothing.

\
US “going it alone” in war and the economy

Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 to prevent American participation in a European War; among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents

Describe the perspective given by the America First Committee.

The committee was isolationist and contended that America should concentrate its strength on defending its own shores, fearing Hitler would otherwise be able to plot a transoceanic assault. Their philosophy was essentially "the Yanks are not coming" and their best spokesperson was Charles Lindbergh, the famous aviator.

Quarantine Speech

(1937) an important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargoes. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians

Appeasement

(1938) the policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich; their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

Arsenal of Democracy

The slogan used by FDR in a radio broadcast delivered in 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting.

The Fall of France to Germany

The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war." The Soviet Union took over Finland despite Congress loaning $30 million to Finland. Hitler overran Denmark and Norway in April 1940, ending the "phony war." Hitler then moved on to the Netherlands and Belgium. By late June 1940, France was forced to surrender. When France surrendered, Americans realized that England was all that stood between Hitler controlling all of Europe. Roosevelt moved with tremendous speed to call upon the nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy. Congress approved a spending of $37 billion. On September 6, 1940, Congress passed a conscription law; under this measure, America's first peacetime draft was initiated-provision was made for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each year. \n With the Netherlands, Denmark, and France all fallen to German control, it was unsure what would happen to the colonies of Latin America (the New World). At the Havana Conference of 1940, the United States agreed to share with its 20 New World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine.

\

Lend-Lease Act

(1941) based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," the Lend-Lease Act abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. It was a challenge to dictators, as America pledged to bolster the nations indirectly defending it. In effect, the Act was an economic declaration of war.

Describe the causes and consequences of the Atlantic Charter.

CAUSES: Allies feared that the surrender of the Soviet Union (which had broken with Hitler and was working to halt Hitler's invaders at the gate of Moscow) was still a dread possibility. The charter was intended to outline the future path toward disarmament peace, and a permanent system of general security. \\n \\n CONSEQUENCES: its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of human rights of individuals after World War II

Korematsu v. The US Government

SC decision that upheld the Japanese internment policy as constitutional

Double V

African Americans rallied around this slogan for equality during the war. It was "victory over fascism abroad and racism at home." The slogan reflected African Americans' emboldened struggle for equality during the war.

Potsdam Conference

(1945) from July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S. Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed

Rosie the Riveter

Nickname for the women who went to work during the war, filling in the jobs left by drafted men. The image was used in patriotic war advertising and imagery.

Why was “unconditional surrender” a controversial military policy? Describe the arguments for and against this policy.

ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR: Unconditional surrender would hearten the Soviets, who feared separate Allied peace negotiations. It would forestall charges of broken armistice terms and force a thorough postwar reconstruction.

\
WHY CONTROVERSIAL? It was still a sign of weakness; the western allies could only offer Stalin words, not action. The main criticism against it was that unconditional surrender would steel the enemy to fight to a last-bunker resistance and would discourage anti-war groups in Germany from revolting.

Iron Curtain

Boundary separating Europe into two areas after WWII and the division of Germany. The term symbolizes the Soviet Union's efforts to block itself and its satellite states from contact with the west and its allies.

George Kennan

American diplomat who authored the "containment doctrine" in 1947, arguing that the Soviet Union was inherently expansionist and had to be stopped, via political and military force, from spreading throughout the world

Containment

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan; the doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.

Loyalty Review Board

Under Truman's 1947 Loyalty Program, this board investigated more than 3 million federal employees. 3000 resigned or were dismissed (one under formal indictment). The Board reflected fears of communism in the US.

HUAC

(House Un-American Activities Committee) investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subversion"; sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.

Joseph McCarthy

Senator McCarthy led the search for communists in Washington, using fear-mongering tactics rather than concrete evidence.

\
In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. He wrought dangerous forces of unfairness and fear through anti-communist paranoia and fear-mongering. \\n \\n The Army-McCarthy hearings were congressional hearings called by McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In the widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. He would die, uncelebrated, three years later. \\n \\n The careers of countless officials, writers, and actors were ruined after McCarthy targeted them. His extreme tactics damaged the US's international reputation amidst the Cold War.

Berlin Airlift

(1948) year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crises of the Cold War

Marshall Plan

a massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from using poverty and misery to gain power. \\n \\n The plan called on European democracies to workout a joint plan for financial recovery, though the Soviet Union eventually accused it of being a capitalistic trick and walked out.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist-inspired threat; Truman presented the doctrine to Congress in 1947 in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies.

What was the NATO and how is it connected with containment?

The Soviet threat forced Western European democracies together, and they created a treaty of defensive alliance that the US was invited to join (this would become NATO.)

\
US participation, despite past American resistance to entangling alliances, would strengthen the policy of containing the Soviet Union, would provide a framework for the reintegration of Germany into the European family, and it would reassure Europe that the US was not going to abandon it to the Soviet Union or to a resurgent, domineering Germany.

\
NATO consisted of old Allies: U.S., Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. If one was attacked, all were attacked.

SEATO

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Created in 1954, it was meant to block further communist gains in SE Asia (like Vietnam). It largely failed due to internal conflict hindering the use of the SEATO military.

Korean War

When Japan collapsed in 1945, Soviet Union troops accepted the Japanese surrender north of the 38th parallel on the Korean Peninsula and American troops did the same south of that line. Each set up a rival regime above and below the parallel. Tensions between the two hostile regimes rose until June 25, 1950, when, using Soviet-made tanks, North Korea's army invaded the southern side of the parallel, forcing Southern forces to a dangerous tiny defensive area. \\n \\n Truman felt the attack justified Washington's containment policy, and that even a slight relaxation of America's guard was an invitation to communist aggression. This led to Truman ordering American support for South Korea in the conflict.

Hungarian Revolution

In 1956, there were a series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe.