PHS SS1

What was WWI’s total casualties?

over 37 million

WWI’s 37 mil casualties are split between what?

combat deaths soldiers missing in action, and wounded

1919 opened to a global influenza pandemic that inflected one in ___ humans alive and caused ____ deaths worldwide

5, 20 million

The deadly Spanish Flu originated where?

in the USA

When and where was one of the earliest outbreaks of the Spanish Flu?

Spring of 1918 among the 50k American troops at an induction and training camp in Manhattan, Kansas

The Spanish flu claimed how many American lives?

700,000

How many U.S. soldiers were killed in WWI?

50,300

What year saw a wave of labor unrest with many strikes across every major industry and disrupted daily life in every large city>

1919

In 1919, a series of dynamite bombings targeting political figures led to what?

government crackdown of unprecedented proportions

Racial violence exposed the shortcomings of American democracy at what very moment?

When Pres. Woodrow Wilson proclaimed victory for world democracy in the Great War

1919 was a defining year for who’s presidency and his legacy?

Woodrow Wilson

Soldiers sick with Spanish flu stayed in a hospital ward where in Kansas?

Camp Funston in Fort Riley

When did Woodrow Wilson arrive in Paris to great fanfare?

12/16/1918

Wilson and his wife rode in what vehicle around the wide boulevards of the French capital, buildings with the American flag, floral wreaths. and a huge banner that read…

horse-drawn carriage, ‘Vive Wilson’

Where was Wilson to negotiate peace in January in Paris?

Palace of Versailles

Wilson’s rapturous reception in France not just reflect his own popularity, but also did what?

reflect the rising power of the U.S. on the world stage

Who wrote the quote “Never had a philosopher held such weapons wherewith to bind the Princes of the word” in response to Wilson’s popularity

British economist John Maynard Keynes

Where was Wilson a former professer?

Princeton

What did Wilson defend since WW1’s outbreak in 1914?

American neutrality

What campaign slogan won Wilson reelection in 1916?

He kept us out of war

Who was the U.S. closer to in WWI, Germany or Great Britain?

Great Britain

What ship did Germany sink that led to the death of over 100 Americans in 1915 and increased tensions w/ the U.S. ?

British merchant ship Lusitania

in 1917, who did Germany send the secret Zimmerman telegraph to form an alliance that put huge pressure on Wilson to respond?

Mexico

Why did Wilson declare U.S. at war in spring of 1917?

The world must be safe for democracy

despite U.S’s late entry to WWI, over how many troops played a decisive role in turning the tide for the Allied powers?

Over 1 million

What offensive led to the declaration of an armistice on 11/11/1918?

Meuse-Argonne

Of the 50300 American doughboys who died in WWI, how many died during the Meuse-Argonne offensive?

26277

As President, Wilson earned a reputation for being and doing what?

effective and forward-looking reformer who skillfully steered progressive legislation through Congress

Wilson showed little interest in the military prosecution of the conflict, leaving that issue to his generals, including who?

General John “Black Jack” Pershing, Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe

When the WWI guns fell silent, what did Wilson do?

assert himself

What was Wilson intent to do as an ardent idealist after WWI?

shaping the new world order to reflect American democracy and his own internationalist vision

When did Wilson lay out his postwar agenda?

January of 1918, when he publicly announced the 14 points

What did Wilson’s peace plan include?

self-determination for small nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, an end to secret alliances and shadow diplomacy, and general association of nations

What issue did many people blame for the outbreak and rapid escalation of WWI?

Secret alliances and shadowy diplomacy

What peace plan aspect was the most important to Wilson?

a call for a “general association of nations” where small and powerful nations worked together to peacefully resolve international conflict

Entering negotiations, what did Wilson make his top priority?

The establishment of the League of Nations

Wilson’s 14 points were simultaneously relayed via what network in North and Central America to millions of listeners around the globe?

radio transmittors

Wilson was the first leader in history to do what?

address the world in real-time

Why did Wilson’s ideas resonate especially among non-European peoples?

they wanted to end colonial rule and win independence

Wilson’s warm reception contrasted with the frosty reception of who?

British and France

Who was the prime minister of France after WWI?

George Clemenceau

Who was the prime minister of Britain after WWI?

David Lloyd George

Clemenceau and George and Wilson rounded out the ______ of the Allied Powers

Big 3

How many people did France lose during WWI?

1,385,300

How many people did Britain lose in WWI?

900000

Why did France and Britain have little patience for America’s idealism?

they had many deaths and wanted to make Germany pay. They didn’t think an American who barely had deaths and was so far away should have the power to dictate the peace terms.

Why did the final Treaty of Versailles only dimly reflect the ideals of the 14 points?

Britain and France’s punishment ideals undermined Wilson’s peace plans

Who took all the blame for the outbreak of WWI?

Germany

What did Germany have to do due to taking sole blame for WWI’s outbreak?

forfeit colonies, cut armed forces, yield rich industrial territories to France, and pay 21 billion in war reparations

What was the one issue that Wilson refused to compromise on?

The League of Nations

The Covenant for the League of Nations contained how many articles and pledged to do what?

26 articles and pledged to promote international cooperation and peace within the final treaty

When was the Versailles Peace Treaty signed by the Allied Powers and Germany which led to the end of WW1?

6/28/1919

What was Wilson’s obstacles after WWI?

Selling the treaty and the League of nations to the American public and Republican-controlled Congress, and his failing health

During the conference, Wilson fell ill with possibly the Spanish flu, which led to what?

coughing fits and pain so intense he was forced to leave meetings in order to recover

Aside from the Spanish flu, what else did Wilson potentially suffer from as lingering symptoms suggest?

a minor stroke

Even after Wilson returned from Paris, what did he suffer from?

bad headaches and bouts of aphasia

What is aphasia?

jumbled, disjointed speech

The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations required support from who in the U.S to be officially ratified in the U.S.?

2/3 of the Senate

Which political part controlled congress and senate?

republicans

What was the title of Henry Cabot Lodge?

Massachusetts Senator, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s Republican chairman and de facto majority leader of the Senate

Who hated Wilson and was a friend and close political ally of Theodore Roosevelt?

Henry Cabot Lodge

As early as March 1919, Lodge lined up how many senators vowing against the League without significant reservations, and what were they called?

39, reservationists

When did Wilson return back from France after WWI and on what boat?

7/8/1919, USS George Washington

Lodge focused his biggest criticism on what article of the League’s Charter, and why that article?

Article X, it was an attack on U.S. sovereignty and a restraint on their power

Who was an isolationist Republican Irreconcilable Senator of Idaho?

William E. Borah

Who were the Irreconcilables?

Those who wouldn’t support the Treaty even with amendments

Who asked “Once, having surrendered and become part of European concerns, where, my friends, are you going to stop?”

Borah

Where did Wilson face political fallout of his fateful decision to exclude Republicans from the American peace delegation?

Capitol Hill

Instead of compromising with Republican leaders, what did Wilson do to ratify the League?

lecture them on its necessity without any changes

Why did Wilson use the post-war nationalism to advance his League agenda?

to tar the treaty’s critics as unpatriotic

When did Woodrow Wilson visit Pueblo, California?

8/25/1919

Wilson contended that to oppose the League was to oppose what?

progress itself

When did Wilson personally submit the final version of the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate?

7/10/1919

After Wilson’s final submission, how many amendments did Lodge draft for the Reservationists to vote for the Treaty?

42

T/F Wilson communicated with the Reservations to compromise

False, he refused to engage with them

Instead of convincing the Reservationists, who did Wilson plead his case to?

the American public

On what date did Wilson embark on a 9981 mile cross-country speaking tour?

8/3/1919

Where did Wilson’s 9981 mile cross-country speaking tour begin and how did it function?

Columbus, Ohio. A private Mayflower railcar took him to a new city every day for 3 weeks

Where did Wilson cross over before entering the Pacific Northwest and California?

Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains

Where did Wilson tend to give his speeches with no means of amplifying his voice?

large outdoor venues

The grueling schedule of the 9981 mile cross-country speaking tour did what to Wilson?

tax his fragile health

In San Francisco, Wilson filled an auditorium of how many seats?

12000

In San Diego, Wilson addressed over how many citizens in a local stadium?

50,000

Who responded with cheers and tears when Wilson said that Americans rise and extend their hand to truth of justice and liberty and peace?

The crowd in Pueblo, Colorado

What was Wilson’s final speech?

The one in Pueblo, Colorado

Exhausted by the trip and the thin mountain-air, Wilson’s chronic what reached an acute crisis?

cardio-vascular issues

What happened during Wilson’s Pueblo speech?

his words became garbled and he trailed off and remained silent, struggling to find his train of thought

What happened immediately after Wilson’s Pueblo speech?

the rest of the tour was canceled and he was rushed back to the White House

When did Wilson suffer a massive stroke that left him partially paralyzed?

October 2

How did Wilson’s wife, Edith Wilson, discover her husband after the stroke?

unconscious and bleeding on the floor

What did Edith Wilson do as First Lady with her husband rendered unwell?

controlled access to Wilson, kept press at bay, managed government’s affairs by delegating responsibilities to various cabinet officials

When Wilson was very unwell, how long did the U.S. go without an effective leader?

18 months

What part of the Constitution mentions the potential of an unwell president but doesn’t effectively state what to do when it happens?

Article II, Section I

What does the 25th amendment outline?

a procedure for a majority of the Cabinet and Vice President to jointly declare presidential disability

When was the 25th amendment ratified?

1967

How did Wilson’s stroke negatively impact the fate of the treaty and League?

His absence due to the stroke deprived the League of its no.1 supporter and changed his personality negatively

T/F After the stroke, Wilson hardened his resolve against any compromise for the treaty

true

Wilson’s view of the treaty without compromise was an all-or-nothing struggle of what?

good vs evil

When did Lodge introduce a revised treaty with 14 reservations to the Senate floor?

11/19/1919

Following Wilson’s directive to reject changes, which political party joined the Irreconcilables to vote down the peace treaty - a 1st in U.S. history

Democrats