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Civilian Conservation Corps

Jobs for men 18-25 on conservation projects.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Direct federal financial relief to cities and states.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Provided relief for farmers; later unconstitutional.

Public Works Administration

Created jobs on infrastructure projects like roads.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Federal construction of dams in rural areas.

Works Progress Administration

Public works jobs, including arts employment.

Social Security Act

Established old age pensions for citizens.

National Labor Relations Act

Guaranteed the right to join labor unions.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Banned child labor, set minimum wage, limited hours.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought and poor farming made land unusable.

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck's novel about a Dust Bowl family.

Okies

Farming refugees who migrated westward.

Indian Reorganization Act

Restored tribal basis of Indian life post-Dawes Act.

Court Packing Bill

FDR's proposal to appoint more Supreme Court justices.

Roosevelt Recession

Economic downturn in 1937, recovery stalled.

Neutrality Act of 1939

Allowed arms trade on cash-and-carry basis.

Axis Powers

Nations opposing Allies in WWII: Germany, Italy, Japan.

Lend-Lease Act

U.S. supplied allies with food and materials, 1941-1945.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

Bracero Program

Encouraged Mexican workers to fill U.S. farm jobs.

Korematsu v. United States

Supreme Court case on Japanese internment constitutionality.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.

Holocaust

Genocide of six million Jews during WWII.

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting of US, UK, Soviet leaders.

Potsdam Conference

1945 meeting to discuss post-war Germany.

Manhattan Project

U.S. project to develop atomic bombs.

Hiroshima

First city hit by a nuclear weapon.

Nagasaki

Second city bombed, leading to Japan's surrender.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Teddy Roosevelt's policy of using military force.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for lasting peace after WWI.

League of Nations

International organization for collective security post-WWI.

Schenk v. US

Supreme Court case on free speech limits.

Espionage Act

Law restricting free speech during WWI.

Sedition Act

Prohibited negative speech against the government.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty imposing penalties on Germany post-WWI.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Leader advocating for women's suffrage in 1920.

Alice Paul

Radical leader of the National Women's Party.

1st Red Scare

Fear of communism after the Russian Revolution.

Palmer Raids

Government actions against suspected radicals and immigrants.

Immigration Act of 1924

Set quotas limiting immigration from specific countries.

Cash and Carry

Policy allowing arms sales to Britain on credit.

Unconditional Surrender

Demand for total defeat of enemy forces.

War Crime Trials

Legal proceedings against Nazi leaders post-WWII.

Atomic Era

Period marked by the use of nuclear weapons.

Occupation Zones

Divisions of Germany for post-war administration.

Isolationism

1920s policy of avoiding international involvement.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 agreement declaring war illegal among nations.

Henry Ford

Innovator of efficient assembly line car production.

The Great Migration

Mass movement of African-Americans to Northern cities.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement celebrating African-American creativity in Harlem.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Legal case on teaching evolution in schools.

Margaret Sanger

Advocate for legalizing birth control in America.

Lost Generation

Post-WWI American writers rejecting materialism in Paris.

Great Depression

Severe economic downturn starting with 1929 stock market crash.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

1932 agency providing loans to struggling businesses.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans demanding early payment of bonuses in 1932.

Bank Holiday

FDR's closure of banks to prevent financial panic.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy to ensure trade access in China.

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict leading to U.S. imperialism in the Caribbean.

Imperialism

Strong nations dominating weaker countries politically and economically.

Progressive Movement

Social reform movement aimed at eliminating government corruption.

Consumer Debt

Accumulated money owed by consumers, contributing to economic issues.

Stock Market Crash

1929 event triggering the Great Depression's onset.

Under-Consumption

Insufficient consumer demand leading to economic decline.

Over-Production

Excessive production causing market saturation and economic issues.

FDIC

Federal Insurance protecting bank deposits for consumers.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive President known for trust-busting and reforms.

Settlement Houses

Community centers for immigrants in the U.S.

Hull House

First Settlement House, opened by Jane Addams in 1889.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists exposing societal issues.

Jacob Riis

Author of 'How the Other Half Lives' about poverty.

Lincoln Steffens

Wrote 'Shame of the Cities' on political corruption.

Ida Tarbell

Authored 'History of Standard Oil' exposing monopolies.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote 'The Jungle' highlighting food safety issues.

New Immigrants

Post-1880 arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Booker T. Washington

Promoted industrial education for African Americans.

Tuskegee Institute

Founded by Washington for vocational training.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Advocated for full equality for African Americans.

Niagara Movement

Called for political and social rights for blacks.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Meat Inspection Act

Regulated meat packing industry for consumer protection.

Food and Drug Act

Laws ensuring safety of food and drugs.

Progressive Amendments

Constitutional amendments addressing social reforms.

Federal Reserve Act

Established central banking system in 1913.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened anti-monopoly laws, exempted labor unions.

Big Stick Policy

T.R.'s diplomacy using military intimidation.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. right to intervene in Latin America.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Japan limited immigration in exchange for school desegregation.