Reproduction and conservation test review

Describe the changes that take place at puberty for both males and females

Males: increase height/weight, growth of armpit hair facial chest pubes, acne, deeper voice, enlargement of testes/penis, erection begins

Females: increase height/weight, hair growth underarms pubes, development of best, period begins, hips widen, acne

Describe the roles of hormones in prenatal development of embryonic gonads in males and females.

Males: Testosterone - secreted by leading cells in testes, promote deforestation for structure maitaning/developing semiferous tubes flagellum, acrosome

Females: Estoregen - from maternal/placenta/ promote differentation in structure uterus fallopian tube upper vagina

Draw and label diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems +
Make a chart describing the role of each of the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

Ovaries	The female gonads, produce secrete estradiol produce and release eggs area where ovulation occurs grows into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
Fallopian tubes (oviducts)	Ducts that carry the egg (or early embryo) to the uterus
Uterus	muscular structure where the early embryo implants and develops if a pregnancy occurs
Endometrium	highly vascular inner lining of the uterus
Cervix	lower portion of the uterus, has an opening to the vagina that allows the sperm to enter for fertilization and provides a pathway for childbirth
Vagina	muscular tube that leads from the external genitals to the cervix; semen is ejaculated here during sexual intercourse

Testes	male gonads. Sperm are produced here in seminiferous tubules
Epididymis	area where sperm are received, become mature, become capable of a swimming with flagella
Scrotum	sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity so sperm production can occur at a temperature cooler than body temperature
Vas deferens	muscular tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during an ejaculation
Seminal vesicles	Small glands that produce and add seminal fluid to the semen( to help survive and move)
Prostate gland	A gland that produces much of the semen, including carbohydrates for the sperm(Enhances sperm motility, liquefies semen)
Penis	organ that becomes erect as a result of blood engorgement in order to facilitate ejaculation
Urethra	After all the glands have added fluids, this is the tube via which the semen leaves the

Where are sperm and eggs made in the human body?

Ovaries produces eggs, testes in the seminiferous tubes produce sperm

 Describe 3 roles of testosterone in men.

primary sex characteristics in utero, secondary sex characteristics at puberty, maintain sex drive

Diagram and describe the phases and the hormones that control the woman’s menstrual cycle and how they fluctuate during each phase. 

Follucular phase: first day of period until ovulation when mature egg is realizes from ovary it grows and matures egg inside the follicle cells

Ovulation: around 14 days of cycle, surges LH just before egg is realized

Luteal Phase: from when egg realized to first day of period, corpus litem grows in ovary when mature egg realized at ovulation

LH: pituary glands surges to cause ovulation and results in formation of corpus lutem

FSH: pituary gland, simaules follicular growth in ovaries and simuales estrogrem from developing follicles

Estrogen: helps thicken the uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for potential pregnancy. luteinizing hormone (LH) causing a surge that leads to ovulation peaks

Progesteron: after ovulation, progesterone maintains the thickened uterine lining for potential implantation of a fertilized egg inhibits both FSH and LH through negative feedback, preventing further ovulation during the luteal phase.

Discuss, including a diagram, how negative feedback prevents another egg from maturing during the luteal phase.

negative feedback signals hypothalamus to stop secreting GnRH, preventing FSH and LH to be produced and this from another egg to be realsed after ovulation or in same cycle

Describe the process of IVF.

eggs are harvested from ovaries, some undergo hormone theory to maize egg availability, and make ejcatues into a container which is mixed under a dish until early development appears which then embryo is later put into uterus for implantation

Discuss some reasons a couple/individual might need IVF.

low sperm count, importance in males, inability to ovulate, blocked follapoian tubes

What is human chorionic gonadotropin? Where is HCG made, and what is its role in early pregnancy and in pregnancy tests?

produced by trophoblast layer of embryonic cells then later by placenta cells

enters bloodstream of mother and allows contain of corpus litem in ovaries to produce progesterone to continue the endometrium thickening causing it to stop period and egg development

b cells that produce one type of antibody for HCG antigen when chemically bonded the enzyme changes color when exposes to HCG(in urine of pronate female)

Describe the stages of a baby from the first cell until birth.

zygote - fertilized egg, full set of chomosomes

embryo - once zygote counties to divide

fetus - 9+ weeks developed human, most organs form

 Label the parts of a blastocyst. Then indicate what each part becomes in the pregnancy.

trophoblast - layer of cells forms foetal of placenta

inner cell mass - group of cells near endometrium becomes the body of embryo

bastocoel - fluid filled cavity

 Outline the process of spermatogenesis

1. Spermatogonia → Primary Spermatocytes (mitosis)

2. Primary Spermatocytes → Secondary Spermatocytes (meiosis I)

3. Secondary Spermatocytes → Spermatids (meiosis II)

   1. Spermatids → Spermatozoa (spermiogenesis)

4. Spermatozoa released into the seminiferous tubules (spermiation)

 Outline the process of oogenesis

1. Oogonia → Primary Oocytes (mitosis, stop in prophase I before birth)

   1. Primary Oocytes → Secondary Oocyte (meiosis I, stop in metaphase II)

2. Secondary Oocyte ovulated, either fertilized or degenerated.

3. If fertilized, Secondary Oocyte → Mature Ovum (completion of meiosis II, fertilization).

Compare and contrast the processes and products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Spermatogenesis	Oogenesis
Produces millions of cells daily	Thousands of cells produced in total
Four gametes are produced from each cell	One gamete is produced from each cell (plus two polar bodies)
The gamete cells produced are the smallest cells in body	The gamete cells produced are the largest in body
The gamete cells contain minimal cytoplasm and organelles	he gamete cells contain huge quantities o ytoplasm, organelles and nutrient
The gamete cells are motile	The gamete cells are not motile

 Describe the process of fertilization including the role of the acrosome

result of sexual intercour ejavultes sperm into vagaina sperm find their way to the cervical opening nd into uterus swimming up endometrium and fallopian tube there may be an egg in tubes so sperm then penetrates the follicle layer and zone pellucid which sperm realizes enzymes in acre some causing reaction that prevents sperm(more than 1) from entering

Explain how fertilization and the cortical reaction prevent polyspermy

the enzymes from the acre some fuse with the cortical granules causing the change in the zone plluicda which prevents more than one sperm to fertilize egg

 Explain how the structure and functions of the placenta, including its hormonal role in secretion of estrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy

placenta forms from trophoblast layer of blastocysts and with mothers tissue secrets progesterone so endometrium thickens to provide place for fetus / placenta to grow. oestefrom as well which similes growth of uterus for growing fetus and signal for contractions as well as simulate brest tissues

What materials are exchanged between maternal and fetal blood in the placenta?

Maternal blood (1 fetal vein)

• oxygen, glucose, amino acids, water, minerals, vitamins, antibodies, hormones, alcohol, drugs, viruses

Fetal blood ( 2 fetal arteries)

• carbon dioxide , urea, hormones, water

What is oxytocin, where is it made and what are its roles in the female body?

from hypolatamus secret by pituitary gland where time for partition where decreased in progesterone simulates oxytocin to blood where oxytocin receptors in muscle of utero responds by contractions and get stronger until birth

Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback.

fetus reaches full term once planets progesterone lessens oxygen realizes triggers contractions which sends more signals for oxytocin to strengthen until baby is delivered and deliver stops because uterine muscle has nothing to contrast

dioviveristy vocab on other flashcards

Discuss three case studies: 

1. The loss of north island giant moa

2. The loss of the Caribbean monk seal

3. The loss of the mixed dipterocarp forests in southeast asia

1. alrge herbirove birds no wings long feathers hunited to exitions around 1200 CE once human arrival to land

2. docile mammals in water of gulf of mexico/carriabian islands, killed for its oil from their thick blubber to use in lamps and food, showed no fear to humans easy to hunt with guns and clubs

   1. hardwood tropical trees with rich ecosystem frequently forested and stroepd trees loss of eoccysem by clear cutting which was less expensive and easier for agricultural issue

What are the links between an increase in human population and the biodiversity crisis?

increase of populations =. more resources to survive = more water and pollution produce as the resources are sources from ecosystems

 What is the Simpson Reciprocal Index and how do you calculate it?

check slides