EARTH SCIENCE

Silicon

most common element that is in the composition of magma

compression melting

temperature stays the same, but preasure decreases

P waves

earthquake wave that travels on both solid and liquid

richster scale

measures the magnitude

mercalli scale

measured the intensity

temperature, pressure and mineral content

factors affecting the melting of rocks

ultramatic

rock that is rich in magnesium oxide and iron oxide, but with very little silica

felsic

rock that is rich in silica

mafic

rock's magnesium oxide and iron oxide, is a little less than silica

intermediate

proportion of magnesium oxide and iron oxide is approximately similar to silica

Bowen's reaction series

describes the formation of igneous rocks from different starting temperatures and magma compositions

erosion

removal and transport of weathered materials from one place to another

weathering

process wherein rocks break down into pieces

hydrolysis

process of chemical weathering involved when water reacts with one mineral to form a new mineral like feldspar into clay

deposition

process by which sediments settle down in a particular area

deposition

refers to the aggregation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create different landforms

gravity

associated with many agents because it pulls the materials downslope

wind

a major erosional agent on areas on earth's surface that experience both limited precipitation and high temperatures

soil

one of the components in lithosphere

water

has the power to move large particles of weathered material than wind does

glacier

has the capacity to carry huge rocks and piles of debris over great distances

erosion

process that transports earth's material from one place to another

transport

process wherein materials are carried away

slide

refers to the downslope movement of weathered materials along a well - defined surface

flow

refers to the movement of saturated materials downslope like liquid

mechanical weathering

physical breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changing its composition

exfoliation

cracks/joints found in rocks during uplift and erosion

frost wedging

when water seeps into cracks, freezes, expands and breaks the rock

abrasion

when rock surface is frequently exposed to water, wind, and gravity; produces round shapes rocks

root wedging

rocks near trees or root will get broken open by its roots because roots are continually growing

salt wedging

like frost wedging, but instead of water freezing, its salt solution crstallizing

hypertonic

more solute, less water

hypotonic

less solute, more water

isotonic

equal solute and water

thermal expansion

when rocks are exposed to high temp. the outer layer expands, when it cools, outer layer contracts

burrowing animals

can push open cracks and move rock fragments

chemical weathering

occurs when there are chemical changes in at least some of the composition of the rock

dissolution

certain minerals are dissolved in water

hydrolysis

when acidic water reacts with minerals and breaks down rock

oxidation

reaction with oxygen; rusty and orange colored rock wich is now rich in iron

hydration

when water is absorbed into the crystal structure

biological weathering (physical)

moved by animals/plants (+human)

biological weathering (chemical)

secretion of acids by fungi & lichen to change the chemical composition

agents

wind, glacier, water, waves, gravity

wind erosion

detaches soil particles and transports via wind

water

most common erosion agent

solution

soluble mineral will move in water

traction

rolling//dragging (igneous and sedimentaty rocks)

saltation

sand grains

suspension

fine particles

wave action

causes erosion of the coastlines

mass wasting/ movement

movement of rock, soil and ice due to gravity

relief

elevation; slow erosion

slope stability

balance with friction

fragmentation and weathering

type of sediments during weathering (intact rock held by chemical bonds & interlocking of grains and fragmented rock held by friction)

types of materials

rock, soil, debris, earth

fall

freefall movement of sediments down a slope (bouncing and rolling)

topple

rotation

slide

downslide movement; sediments fall down like children going down slides

spread

lateral expansion

flow

move like water (not in liquid); fast movement

complex

combination of two or more of the above

magma

molten rocks that are found beneath earth's surface

lava

when magma emerges from the surface

Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, and O

most abundant elements

viscosity

the internal property of a substance that offers resistance to flow

pahoehoe

the smooth, ropy-surfaced lava in Hawaii, formed from a very hot, very fluid lava

aa

rough looking lava formed from a cooler lava having high viscosity

decompression meltiing

occurs when the temperature stays the same but the pressure decreases

flux melting

when volatile or gaseous substances are added into the hot solid rocks

heat transfer melting

melting of surrounding rocks causes by very hot magma that brings in additional heat; occurs in rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, hotspots, and subduction zones

crystallization of magma

occurs when magma cool and mineral grains start to form

feldspar

orthoclase & plagioclase

mica

biotite & muscovite

volcano

a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which molten rock, rock fragments, hot vapor and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust

explosive eruptions

ejects ash and larger fragments of pyroclastic materials, forming ash clouds that eventually collapse and cover the slopes of the volcano

ash fall

the fallout of rock, debris and ash

pyroclastic flow

hot, turbulent, fast moving, high particle concentration clouds of rocks, ash and gas

pyroclastic surge

a more energetic and dilute mixture of searing gas and rock fragments

effusive eruptions

dominated by the flow of lava and formation of fountain and lakes; characterized by outpouring of lava on the ground

active volcano

a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years

erupting volcano

an active volcano that is having an eruption

dormant volcano

an active volcano that is not erupting but supposed to erupt again

extinct volcano

has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years; not expected to erupt again in the future

shield volcanoes

low and flat and have small, flowing eruptions

composite volcanoes

a mixture between shield volcanoes and cone volcanoes; explosive eruptions

cinder cones

the tallest and largest volcanoes; very explosive eruptions

pacific ring of fire

has 452 volcanoes; is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes

earthquake

a vibration on the surface of Earth resulting from the sudden release of energy; often occurs where the plates meet

fault

a fracture on which one body of rock slides past another

focus/ hypocenter

plate where rock ruptures and slips

epicenter

the point at the surface directly above the focus

foot wall

the plate doesn't move during earthquake

hanging wall

plate that moves during earthquake

fault plane

plane along which the break between two plates occur

fault line

line in the surface of the earth caused by the fault plane

seismic waves

energy released from the hypocenter of an earthquake travels

body waves

waves that travel within the interior of earth

S-waves

waves where the particles of the material move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion

surface waves

waves that travel along the earth's surface