AP psych: emotion, personality and motivation

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60 Terms

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motivation

the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities

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instincts

Preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.

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drive-reduction theory

a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis

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need

something essential for survival

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drive

internal state that arises in response to a disequilibrium in an animal's physiological needs

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primary drives

directly related to survival and include the need for food, water, and oxygen.

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secondary drives

drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth

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homeostasis

constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body

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arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

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yerkes-dodson law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

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opponent-process theory of motivation

the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event (State A) will be followed by an opposite secondary emotional state (State B).

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incentives

external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior although they do not relate directly to biological needs

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maslow's hierarchy of needs

a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs. basic needs, psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs

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self-actualization

a concept in personality psychology referring to a person's constant striving to realize his or her potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities

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lateral hypothalamus

a part of the hypothalamus, located in the mid-brain, which controls hunger, thirst, and emotions

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ventromedial hypothalamus

a distinct grouping of neurons within the hypothalamus responsible for the feeling of satiation

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set-point theory

range of weight the body has to perform the best

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achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

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extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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James-Lange theory of emotion

A peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavioral response that sends different sensory and motor feedback to the brain and creates the feeling of a specific emotion.

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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A theory stating that an emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions — arousal and experience of emotion — that do not cause each other

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emotion

A complex pattern of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant

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two-factor theory

Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor.

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personality

the psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns across difference situations over time

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stage theory

The idea that an individual must pass through one stage of development before he or she can reach the next stage.

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unconscious

the domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses

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id

The primitive, unconscious part of the personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals

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ego

The aspect of personality involved in self-preservation activities and in directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels.

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superego

the aspect of personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals

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defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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personal unconscious

Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

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collective unconscious

the part of an individual's unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the species

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complexes

a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status

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archetypes

universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representation of a particular experience or object

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trait theories

a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status

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big five traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

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factor analysis

a mathematical way to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of variables for an experiment.

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temperament

refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learnt.

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somatotype theory

William Sheldon's theory that said our body type influenced our personality; included endomorphs (fat) who were friendly and outgoing; mesomorphs (muscular) who were confident and assertive; ectomorphs (thin) who were shy and secretive; theory not considered scientifically valid today

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triadic reciprocal determination

a behavioral and personality model used in social cognitive theory which was developed by Albert Bandura.

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self-efficacy

the set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a particular situation

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internal locus of control

that person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities

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External locus of control

more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives

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self-concept

a person's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes

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self-esteem

a generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behavior and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors

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unconditional positive regard

a concept from Carl Rogers, meaning holding no judgement towards them and accepting them fully, just as they are

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projective tests - Rorschach ink block tests

a method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized test of ambiguous, abstract stimuli and asked to interpret their meanings; supposed to reveal inner feelings, motives and conflicts

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self-report inventories - MMPI

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves

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Barnum effect

The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.

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Sigmund Freud

Created psychodynamic theory, which states that personality develops through stages. Proposals: id, ego and superego

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Karen Horney

Created theory of neurotic needs, which places needs into three broad categories: moves you towards others, moves you away from others, moves you against others

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Carl Jung

Defined collective unconscious

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Alfred Adler

gives us the term "inferiority complex." Although his theory would evolve over time, what he eventually came to believe was that there was a single and specific drive which caused everyone to pursue their motivating force. That force is based on a desire to fulfill the full potential of every individual.

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Hans Eyesneck

based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

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Gordon Allport

emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence behavior. For example, intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, and traits.

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Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll experiment, concluded that personality and behaviors are directly related to what they encounter and come into contact with

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Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy; People are motivated by lower-level needs (water, food, etc) before they can move on to higher-level needs (self-actualization)

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Carl Rogers

Emphasizes the importance of the tendency towards self-realization in the formation of self-concept, poential is unique to us