AP psych: emotion, personality and motivation

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60 Terms

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motivation
the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities
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instincts
Preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.
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drive-reduction theory
a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis
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need
something essential for survival
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drive
internal state that arises in response to a disequilibrium in an animal's physiological needs
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primary drives
directly related to survival and include the need for food, water, and oxygen.
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secondary drives
drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth
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homeostasis
constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body
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arousal theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
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yerkes-dodson law
the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal
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opponent-process theory of motivation
the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event (State A) will be followed by an opposite secondary emotional state (State B).
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incentives
external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior although they do not relate directly to biological needs
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs. basic needs, psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs
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self-actualization
a concept in personality psychology referring to a person's constant striving to realize his or her potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities
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lateral hypothalamus
a part of the hypothalamus, located in the mid-brain, which controls hunger, thirst, and emotions
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ventromedial hypothalamus
a distinct grouping of neurons within the hypothalamus responsible for the feeling of satiation
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set-point theory
range of weight the body has to perform the best
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achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
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extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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James-Lange theory of emotion
A peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavioral response that sends different sensory and motor feedback to the brain and creates the feeling of a specific emotion.
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A theory stating that an emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions — arousal and experience of emotion — that do not cause each other
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emotion
A complex pattern of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant
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two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor.
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personality
the psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns across difference situations over time
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stage theory
The idea that an individual must pass through one stage of development before he or she can reach the next stage.
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unconscious
the domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses
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id
The primitive, unconscious part of the personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals
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ego
The aspect of personality involved in self-preservation activities and in directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels.
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superego
the aspect of personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals
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defense mechanisms
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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personal unconscious
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
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collective unconscious
the part of an individual's unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the species
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complexes
a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status
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archetypes
universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representation of a particular experience or object
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trait theories
a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status
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big five traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
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factor analysis
a mathematical way to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of variables for an experiment.
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temperament
refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learnt.
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somatotype theory
William Sheldon's theory that said our body type influenced our personality; included endomorphs (fat) who were friendly and outgoing; mesomorphs (muscular) who were confident and assertive; ectomorphs (thin) who were shy and secretive; theory not considered scientifically valid today
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triadic reciprocal determination
a behavioral and personality model used in social cognitive theory which was developed by Albert Bandura.
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self-efficacy
the set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a particular situation
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internal locus of control

that person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities

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External locus of control

more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives

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self-concept
a person's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes
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self-esteem
a generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behavior and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors
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unconditional positive regard
a concept from Carl Rogers, meaning holding no judgement towards them and accepting them fully, just as they are
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projective tests - Rorschach ink block tests
a method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized test of ambiguous, abstract stimuli and asked to interpret their meanings; supposed to reveal inner feelings, motives and conflicts
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self-report inventories - MMPI
questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves
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Barnum effect
The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.
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Sigmund Freud

Created psychodynamic theory, which states that personality develops through stages. Proposals: id, ego and superego

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Karen Horney
Created theory of neurotic needs, which places needs into three broad categories: moves you towards others, moves you away from others, moves you against others
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Carl Jung
Defined collective unconscious
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Alfred Adler
gives us the term "inferiority complex." Although his theory would evolve over time, what he eventually came to believe was that there was a single and specific drive which caused everyone to pursue their motivating force. That force is based on a desire to fulfill the full potential of every individual.
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Hans Eyesneck
based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.
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Gordon Allport
emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence behavior. For example, intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, and traits.
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Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment, concluded that personality and behaviors are directly related to what they encounter and come into contact with
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Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy; People are motivated by lower-level needs (water, food, etc) before they can move on to higher-level needs (self-actualization)

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Carl Rogers
Emphasizes the importance of the tendency towards self-realization in the formation of self-concept, poential is unique to us