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motivation
the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities
instincts
Preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.
drive-reduction theory
a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis
need
something essential for survival
drive
internal state that arises in response to a disequilibrium in an animal's physiological needs
primary drives
directly related to survival and include the need for food, water, and oxygen.
secondary drives
drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth
homeostasis
constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body
arousal theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
yerkes-dodson law
the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal
opponent-process theory of motivation
the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event (State A) will be followed by an opposite secondary emotional state (State B).
incentives
external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior although they do not relate directly to biological needs
maslow's hierarchy of needs
a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs. basic needs, psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs
self-actualization
a concept in personality psychology referring to a person's constant striving to realize his or her potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities
lateral hypothalamus
a part of the hypothalamus, located in the mid-brain, which controls hunger, thirst, and emotions
ventromedial hypothalamus
a distinct grouping of neurons within the hypothalamus responsible for the feeling of satiation
set-point theory
range of weight the body has to perform the best
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
James-Lange theory of emotion
A peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavioral response that sends different sensory and motor feedback to the brain and creates the feeling of a specific emotion.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A theory stating that an emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions — arousal and experience of emotion — that do not cause each other
emotion
A complex pattern of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant
two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor.
personality
the psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns across difference situations over time
stage theory
The idea that an individual must pass through one stage of development before he or she can reach the next stage.
unconscious
the domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses
id
The primitive, unconscious part of the personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals
ego
The aspect of personality involved in self-preservation activities and in directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels.
superego
the aspect of personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals
defense mechanisms
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
personal unconscious
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
collective unconscious
the part of an individual's unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the species
complexes
a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status
archetypes
universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representation of a particular experience or object
trait theories
a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status
big five traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
factor analysis
a mathematical way to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of variables for an experiment.
temperament
refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learnt.
somatotype theory
William Sheldon's theory that said our body type influenced our personality; included endomorphs (fat) who were friendly and outgoing; mesomorphs (muscular) who were confident and assertive; ectomorphs (thin) who were shy and secretive; theory not considered scientifically valid today
triadic reciprocal determination
a behavioral and personality model used in social cognitive theory which was developed by Albert Bandura.
self-efficacy
the set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a particular situation
internal locus of control
that person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities
External locus of control
more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives
self-concept
a person's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes
self-esteem
a generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behavior and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors
unconditional positive regard
a concept from Carl Rogers, meaning holding no judgement towards them and accepting them fully, just as they are
projective tests - Rorschach ink block tests
a method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized test of ambiguous, abstract stimuli and asked to interpret their meanings; supposed to reveal inner feelings, motives and conflicts
self-report inventories - MMPI
questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves
Barnum effect
The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.
Sigmund Freud
Created psychodynamic theory, which states that personality develops through stages. Proposals: id, ego and superego
Karen Horney
Created theory of neurotic needs, which places needs into three broad categories: moves you towards others, moves you away from others, moves you against others
Carl Jung
Defined collective unconscious
Alfred Adler
gives us the term "inferiority complex." Although his theory would evolve over time, what he eventually came to believe was that there was a single and specific drive which caused everyone to pursue their motivating force. That force is based on a desire to fulfill the full potential of every individual.
Hans Eyesneck
based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.
Gordon Allport
emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence behavior. For example, intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, and traits.
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment, concluded that personality and behaviors are directly related to what they encounter and come into contact with
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy; People are motivated by lower-level needs (water, food, etc) before they can move on to higher-level needs (self-actualization)
Carl Rogers
Emphasizes the importance of the tendency towards self-realization in the formation of self-concept, poential is unique to us