AP psych: emotion, personality and motivation

motivation

the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities

instincts

Preprogrammed tendencies that are essential to a species's survival.

drive-reduction theory

a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis

need

something essential for survival

drive

internal state that arises in response to a disequilibrium in an animal's physiological needs

primary drives

directly related to survival and include the need for food, water, and oxygen.

secondary drives

drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth

homeostasis

constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

yerkes-dodson law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

opponent-process theory of motivation

the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event (State A) will be followed by an opposite secondary emotional state (State B).

incentives

external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior although they do not relate directly to biological needs

maslow's hierarchy of needs

a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs. basic needs, psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs

self-actualization

a concept in personality psychology referring to a person's constant striving to realize his or her potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities

lateral hypothalamus

a part of the hypothalamus, located in the mid-brain, which controls hunger, thirst, and emotions

ventromedial hypothalamus

a distinct grouping of neurons within the hypothalamus responsible for the feeling of satiation

set-point theory

range of weight the body has to perform the best

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

James-Lange theory of emotion

A peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavioral response that sends different sensory and motor feedback to the brain and creates the feeling of a specific emotion.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A theory stating that an emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions — arousal and experience of emotion — that do not cause each other

emotion

A complex pattern of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant

two-factor theory

Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor.

personality

the psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior patterns across difference situations over time

stage theory

The idea that an individual must pass through one stage of development before he or she can reach the next stage.

unconscious

the domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses

id

The primitive, unconscious part of the personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals

ego

The aspect of personality involved in self-preservation activities and in directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels.

superego

the aspect of personality that represents the internalization of society's values, standards, and morals

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

personal unconscious

Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

collective unconscious

the part of an individual's unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the species

complexes

a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status

archetypes

universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representation of a particular experience or object

trait theories

a core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status

big five traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

factor analysis

a mathematical way to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of variables for an experiment.

temperament

refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learnt.

somatotype theory

William Sheldon's theory that said our body type influenced our personality; included endomorphs (fat) who were friendly and outgoing; mesomorphs (muscular) who were confident and assertive; ectomorphs (thin) who were shy and secretive; theory not considered scientifically valid today

triadic reciprocal determination

a behavioral and personality model used in social cognitive theory which was developed by Albert Bandura.

self-efficacy

the set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a particular situation

internal locus of control

that person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities

External locus of control

more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives

self-concept

a person's mental model of his or her abilities and attributes

self-esteem

a generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behavior and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors

unconditional positive regard

a concept from Carl Rogers, meaning holding no judgement towards them and accepting them fully, just as they are

projective tests - Rorschach ink block tests

a method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized test of ambiguous, abstract stimuli and asked to interpret their meanings; supposed to reveal inner feelings, motives and conflicts

self-report inventories - MMPI

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves

Barnum effect

The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.

Sigmund Freud

Created psychodynamic theory, which states that personality develops through stages. Proposals: id, ego and superego

Karen Horney

Created theory of neurotic needs, which places needs into three broad categories: moves you towards others, moves you away from others, moves you against others

Carl Jung

Defined collective unconscious

Alfred Adler

gives us the term "inferiority complex." Although his theory would evolve over time, what he eventually came to believe was that there was a single and specific drive which caused everyone to pursue their motivating force. That force is based on a desire to fulfill the full potential of every individual.

Hans Eyesneck

based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

Gordon Allport

emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence behavior. For example, intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, and traits.

Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll experiment, concluded that personality and behaviors are directly related to what they encounter and come into contact with

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy; People are motivated by lower-level needs (water, food, etc) before they can move on to higher-level needs (self-actualization)

Carl Rogers

Emphasizes the importance of the tendency towards self-realization in the formation of self-concept, poential is unique to us