Medieval, middle, & Dark Ages

Medieval Period, Middle Ages, Dark Ages

generally referring to the same period of time from 500 to 1500 A.D (1000 years). It covers the fall of the Roman Empire into the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

Medieval Period

saw major technological advances including the invention of vertical wind mills, spectacles, and mechanical clocks

Military Technologies of Medieval Period

Counterweight Trebuchet, Longbow with massed, disciplinary archery, Steel crossbow & Full Plate Body Armour

Counterweight Trebuchet

revolutionized medieval weapons which use counterweights and hurling of huge stones to very far distances.

Mediterranean basin

it was when the first usage of Counterweight Trebuchet occurs

Longbow with massed, disciplined archery

used by the English against the French during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

"Longbow with massed, disciplined archery"

contributed to the demise of many medieval knights class

Steel Crossbow

First hand-held mechanical crossbow.

Complete Full Plate Armour

appeared by the end of the 14th century

hauberk

an armour chain mail made from thousands of metal rings

plate armor

is considered as the best in personal armour in terms of body protection

Agricultural Innovation of Medieval Period

includes heavy wheeled-plough, three field systems, horse collar, the stirrup, and horseshoe

Heavy Wheeled Plough

important in the cultivation of rich, heavy, often wet soils of Northern Europe that advances their agricultural practices.

horse collar

went through many evolutions from the 6th to 9th centuries. It allowed more horse pulling powers such as with heavy plough.

horseshoe

let horses adapt to rocky terrains, mountains and carry heavy loads

Roman & Celts

A horse collar and horseshoe is known as early as 50 BC by

artesian well

composed of a thin rod with a hard iron cutting edge placed in a borehole and repeatedly struck by a hammer.

Artois

region of France, and the bases of the name of Artesian well.

Carthusian Monks

the first to drill artesian well

Wheelbarrow

used for construction, mining, & farming carrying materials from place to place.

blast furnace or iron cast

First appeared in Middle Europe around 1150.

hourglass

made from dependable, affordable, and accurate measure of time

"hourglass"

it is believed to be medieval innovation first documented in Seina, Italy.

Mechanical Clocks

is a European innovation, these weight-clocks were primarily used in clock towers

Vertical Windmills

Pivotable mills for grinding grain or draining water. Wind-powered machines for grinding grain.

Yorkshire, England 1185

it was where and when the first vertical windmills was first mentioned

Spectacles

composed of convex lenses to help far-sighted people to see. Basically, glasses that help someone see better

Chess

the earliest predecessors of this game, came from India.

Mirrors

were made in 1180 by Alexander Neckham

Alexander Neckham

The one who said "take away the lead which is the glass and there will be no image of the one looking in"

Oil paint

was invented by flemish painter Jan van Eyck around 1410

Jan van Eyck

the one who invented the Oil paint and introduced a stable oil mixture

Oil

it was used to add details to tempera paintings

tide mill

Water mill driven by tidal movements. Special type of water mill driven by tidal rise and fall

Nendrum Monastery mill

The earliest excavated tide mill

spinning wheel

was probably invented in india, though it's origins are a bit ambiguous

by 1000's

it is when the first universities were developed

by 1100's

modern universities emerged throughout western Europe such as Oxford and Cambridge in England.

Oxford and Cambridge Universities

are the first universities that emerged in the 1100's in Western Europe

In 14th century

The Crisis of the late Middle Ages happened or the "Black Death"

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through the 25-50% population of Europe between 1347 and 1351

25-50%

how much is the population of Europe that died because of the "Black Death"

Quarantine Technique

a 40 day period introduced by the republic of ragusa to prevent the spread of the diseases like the black death

Venice

they first began this quarantines then later was practiced by other affected countries in Europe

Crusades 1120s, Byzantium 1130s, and Latin West 1150's

it is where & when Trebuchet are widely used

plate armour

personal body armour made from iron or steel blades

full plate armour

was developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. It is commonly associated with Medieval Knights.