ap1 summer tissues

Four primary tissue types

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, protects, stores, and connects other tissues

Muscle tissue

Tissue specialized to contract and produce movement

Nervous tissue

Tissue specialized to receive and transmit electrical signals

Epithelium

Another term for epithelial tissue

Apical surface

The free or exposed surface of an epithelial cell

Basal surface

The bottom surface of an epithelial cell that attaches to the basement membrane

Basement membrane

Thin layer that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

Avascular

Lacking blood vessels

Epithelial tissue blood supply

Epithelial tissue is avascular and receives nutrients by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

Simple epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of two or more layers of cells

Squamous cells

Thin, flat epithelial cells

Cuboidal cells

Cube-shaped epithelial cells

Columnar cells

Tall, rectangular epithelial cells

Simple squamous epithelium

One layer of thin, flat cells specialized for rapid diffusion and filtration

Simple squamous epithelium locations

Alveoli of the lungs, lining of blood vessels, and certain body cavities

Simple squamous epithelium function

Allows rapid diffusion, filtration, and exchange of substances

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart

Simple cuboidal epithelium

One layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption

Simple cuboidal epithelium locations

Kidney tubules and many small glands

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Secretion and absorption

Simple columnar epithelium

One layer of tall, column-shaped cells specialized for absorption and secretion

Simple columnar epithelium locations

Stomach, intestines, and much of the digestive tract

Simple columnar epithelium function

Absorption and secretion

Goblet cell

Specialized epithelial cell that secretes mucus

Microvilli

Small projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption

Cilia

Hair-like projections that move substances across the surface of cells

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A single layer of cells that appears multilayered because nuclei are located at different heights

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

Commonly found lining much of the respiratory tract

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

Secretes mucus and moves mucus using cilia

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers of cells with flattened cells at the surface, specialized for protection

Stratified squamous epithelium function

Protects against friction, abrasion, and mechanical stress

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium containing keratin, found in the epidermis of the skin

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium without a thick keratin layer, found in moist surfaces

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations

Mouth, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

Transitional epithelium

Stratified epithelium specialized to stretch and return to its original shape

Transitional epithelium location

Urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urinary tract

Transitional epithelium function

Allows urinary organs to stretch as they fill

Glandular epithelium

Epithelial tissue specialized for secretion

Exocrine gland

Gland that secretes substances through a duct onto a surface or into a cavity

Endocrine gland

Ductless gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream

Connective tissue extracellular matrix

Material surrounding connective tissue cells, consisting of ground substance and protein fibers

Extracellular matrix

Noncellular material surrounding cells in connective tissue

Ground substance

Fluid, gel-like, or solid material found between connective tissue cells and fibers

Collagen fibers

Strong connective tissue fibers that provide tensile strength

Elastic fibers

Connective tissue fibers that allow tissues to stretch and recoil

Reticular fibers

Thin connective tissue fibers that form supportive networks

Fibroblast

Cell that produces fibers and ground substance in connective tissue

Areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue that wraps, cushions, and supports organs

Areolar connective tissue location

Under epithelia and around organs, nerves, and blood vessels

Adipose tissue

Connective tissue specialized for fat storage

Adipose tissue functions

Energy storage, insulation, and cushioning of organs

Adipocyte

Fat cell

Dense regular connective tissue

Connective tissue containing parallel collagen fibers that resist pulling in one direction

Dense regular connective tissue locations

Tendons and ligaments

Tendon

Dense connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

Ligament

Dense connective tissue connecting bone to bone

Dense irregular connective tissue

Connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in many directions, providing strength from multiple directions

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Dermis of the skin and capsules surrounding organs

Cartilage

Firm but flexible connective tissue that supports structures and cushions joints

Chondrocyte

Mature cartilage cell

Hyaline cartilage

Most common cartilage type, providing support and smooth joint surfaces

Hyaline cartilage locations

Articular surfaces of joints, nose, trachea, and costal cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Flexible cartilage containing many elastic fibers

Elastic cartilage locations

External ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Strong cartilage containing thick collagen fibers and resisting compression

Fibrocartilage locations

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci

Bone tissue

Hard connective tissue that supports and protects the body and stores minerals

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell

Blood

Fluid connective tissue that transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and other substances

Muscle tissue types

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated muscle attached primarily to bones

Skeletal muscle function

Produces voluntary movement, maintains posture, and generates heat

Striation

Visible alternating light and dark bands in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart

Cardiac muscle location

Heart wall, also called the myocardium

Cardiac muscle function

Contracts to pump blood through the body

Intercalated discs

Specialized junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells and helping them contract together

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, nonstriated muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

Smooth muscle locations

Digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus, and other hollow organs

Smooth muscle function

Moves substances through organs and regulates the diameter of tubes and vessels

Nervous tissue

Tissue consisting mainly of neurons and supporting glial cells

Neuron

Specialized nervous system cell that receives and transmits electrical signals

Glial cell

Supporting cell of nervous tissue that protects, nourishes, and assists neurons

Nervous tissue locations

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves