Chemical Bonds, Properties of Water, and Functional Groups

Vocabulary flashcards covering chemical bonds, properties of water, functional groups, and biological macromolecule structures.

Ionic Bond

A bond created when an electron moves from one atom to another.

van der Waals Interaction

Weak electrical attractions between atoms with no action bonds.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond created by the sharing of an electron between two atoms unequally.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond created by the sharing of an electron between two atoms equally.

Hydrogen Bond

An interaction occurring when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a more electronegative atom or molecule.

Hydroxl: A functional group that is very polar and hydrophilic.

Carbonyl: A functional group that is polar and highly reactive.

Carboxyl Group: A functional group that is polar, acidic, forms carboxylic acids, and is negatively charged in cells.

Amino Group: A functional group that is polar, weakly basic, can accept $H^+$, and is positively charged in cells.

Sulfhydryl Group: A functional group that is polar and forms disulfide bridges for many proteins.

Phosphate Group: A functional group that is acidic, negatively charged, and hydrophilic.

Methyl Group: A functional group that is nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Glycosidic Bond

A covalent linkage that holds together a glycoside, which is a chemical term for a molecule formed from a simple sugar.

Peptide Bond

The covalent bond resulting from bonding two amino acids together.

Phospho-diester Bond

A bond named for the phosphate connecting two separate sugars through two ester bonds in nucleic acids.

Hydronium Ion

The positively charged ion ($H_3O^+$) produced when water dissociates or ionizes.

Hydroxide Ion

The negatively charged ion ($OH^-$) produced when water dissociates or ionizes.

Macromolecular Subunits and Linkages

Overview showing sugars forming polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds, amino acids forming proteins via peptide bonds, and nucleotides forming nucleic acids via phospho-diester bonds.