PHATHOLOGY & INFECTION CONTROL

Pathology

The study of diseases, how they start, and how they affect the body.

Example: Pathologists analyze tissue samples to find cancer.

Phathogenesis

The step-by-step biological process of how a disease develops.

Example: The pathogenesis of tuberculosis includes bacterial invasion and lung tissue damage.

(Cơ chế sinh bệnh)

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease

Ex: The etiology of dengue is parasites transmitted by mosquitoes.

Symptom

A feeling or sign that something is wrong in the body, noticed by the patient.

Ex: coughing, fatigue, fever = symptoms of flu

Complication

A new medical problem that appears during or after an illness.

Ex: pneumonia can be a complication of fluenza

Consequence

A long-term effect following a disease.

Ex: lung deficiency or sleep disorders after covid-19

Prognosis

The predicted outcome of a disease such as recovery, chronic, or fatal.

Ex: Detecting cancer in the early stage may have a positive prognosis

Risk Factor

Anything that increases the chance of developing a disease.

Ex: Smoking is a risk factor of lung cancer.

Epidemiology

The study of how and why diseases spread in populations.

Ex: Epidemiologist track COVID-19 cases to prevent outbreaks within community.

(Dịch tễ học)

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period.

Ex: There ware 200 new flu cases last week = incidence

Prevalence

The total number of people with a disease at one point in time.

Ex: 10% of adults have diabetes = prevalence.

Mortality

The death rate caused by a disease.

Morbidity

The rate of illness (not death) in a population.

Chronic Disease

Long-term illness lasting months or years.

Ex: diabetes, asthma

Acute Disease

Illness with sudden onset and short duration.

Nosology

The classification or naming of diseases. One international nosology system is ICD-10

Zoonosis

Disease transmitted from animals to humans

Ex: Rabies, bird flu

Droplet Infection

Spread of infection through large droplets when coughing or sneezing

Airborne Infection

Spread by tiny particles that remain suspended in air.

Fecal-Oral Transmission

Pathogens from feces enter another person’s mouth via food or water.

Vector-Borne Transmission

Infection spread by animals or insects carrying pathogens.

Example: Mosquitoes transmit malaria; ticks carry Lyme disease