Ch.1 A Review of General Chemistry: Electrons, Bonds, & Molecular Properties

Organic Chemistry = _______

The study of compounds that contain Carbon!

Who was the Swedish chemist who was able to differentiate Organic & Inorganic compounds?

Jons Jakob Berzelius

What are Organic compounds?

Compounds that come from living organisms.

• Have a vital force.

What are Inorganic compounds?

Compounds that come from minerals.

• Lack a vital force.

Who was the German chemist that produced Urea from an Inorganic source in 1828?

Friedrich Wohler.

What are some organic compounds (containing Carbon) that make life possible?

• Proteins.

• Enzymes.

• Vitamins.

• Lipids.

• Carbohydrates.

• Nucleic acids.

What are some everyday “things” that are made up of Organic compounds?

• Food.

• Fragrances .

• Medicines, Toiletries, Cosmetics.

• Plastics.

• Paints, Glues.

Can Carbons form Single, Double, & Triple Bonds?

Yes.

What are Constitutional Isomers?

Compounds with the same molecular formula BUT different structures.

What elements are we the most concerned with in Organic Chemistry?

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Hydrogen.

What elements on the periodic table of Halogens?

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, & Iodine.

Out of the elements listed above, which is generally Tetravalent (forms 4 bonds)?

Carbon.

Out of the elements listed above, which is generally Trivalent (forms 3 bonds)?

Nitrogen.

Out of the elements listed above, which is generally Divalent (forms 2 bonds)?

Oxygen.

Out of the elements listed above, which is generally Monovalent (forms 1 bond)?

Hydrogen, & the Halogens (F, Cl, Br, & I).

What is a Covalent Bond?

A pair of electrons (2 electrons) that are shared between two atoms.

• EX: H - H

• The line in between the hydrogens is a covalent bond.

What are Valance electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

• WHOLE FOCUS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY !

What is Electronegativity?

How strongly an atom attracts shared electrons.

• Most electronegative chemical on the periodic table is Fluorine (4.0).

What is a Covalent bond?

Electrons shared between two atoms, where the Electronegativity difference is less than 0.5

What is a Polar covalent bond?

Electrons shared between two atoms with an Electronegativity difference between 0.5 & 1,7

• The greater the difference in Electronegativity, the more Polar the bonds are.

Very Important:

• The atom with the higher electronegativity pulls the shared electrons closer, gaining a partial negative charge (δ⁻) — shown as “−”.

• The other atom gets a partial positive charge (δ⁺) — shown as “+”.

What is an Ionic bond?

• The electrons are not really shared.

• The two atoms differ in Electronegativity by more than 1.7