BIO TEST 3 enzymes and digestion

What does the digestive system do 

• Breaks down food into molecules

• Absorbs nutrients

Accessory organs

• liver

• Gall bladder

• Pancrease

What does the pancrease secrete

DIgestive juices

the liver produces

Bile

Gall Bladder stores

Bile

Bile is released into the 

small intestine

what does the alimentary canal begin with

mouth

What glands are in the mouth

Salivary glands

What type of digestgin happens in the mouth

• Chemical: the salivary enzymes break down the food

• Mechanical: the teeth and jaw move to break the food inside the mouth 

What is the GI track order

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus 

What biomolecule starts getting digested in the stomach and continues to the small intestine

protine digestion

what types of contactions move food through the GI track

• Peristalsis

• Segmentation

What is peristalsis

• moves food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines. 

• Muscle contractions that propel food forward

What is segmentation

• contractions of smooth muscles in the intestines (mainly smal intetsine)

• contractions move contents back and forth, like a churning motion

• maximizes nutrient absorbtion due to more contact with intestinal walls

What is completes in small intestine

chemical digestion

What is the large intestine also called and what does it do 

• aka rectum

• absorbs water

Where does ingestgen happen

The mouth

Where does digestion happen

thruought the alimentary canal (GI track)

Where does absorbtion happen

Small intestine

where/ when does elimination happen

• after the food went through the alimentary canal and all the nutrients were absorbed

• The undigested food is eliminated through the anus 

What does the small intestine have to help with absorbtion

• Villi are small finger like things lining the small intestine which absorb nutrients 

• there are also micro villi on each individual villi 

what does the large intestine start at

• begins at the cecium

• The appendix is a small, finger-like pouch that is attached to the cecum. 

What does salivary amylase break down

amylose into disaccharides 

what is amylose

• one of thetwo components of startch

• carb digestion

Pancreatic amylose

• carb digestion

• produced in pancrease

• active in small intestine

• braks amylose into disaccharides

Disaccharides

• carb digestion

• produced in intestine lineing

• active in small intestine 

• breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides 

Pepsin

• protine digestion

• produced in stomach

• active in stomach 

• breaks large protines into smaller fragments of peptides 

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin

• protine digestion

• produced in pancrease

• active in small intestine

• braks larger protines into smaller fragments of peptides

Carboxypepsin

• protine digestion

• produced in pancrease

• active in small intestine 

• breaks peptides into amino acids

Aminopeptidase

• protein digestion

• starts in small intestine

• active in small intestine

• breaks peptides into amino acids 

Lipase

• Fat digestion

• produced in pancrease

• active in small intestine

• breaks triglycerol into glycerol and fatty acid 

Pancreatic Nuclease

• Nucleic acid digestion

• produced in pancrease

• active in small intetsine

• breaks nucleotides into nitrogenus base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group 

Intestinal Nuclease

• Nucleic acid digestion

• produced in small intestine 

• active in small intetsine

• breaks nucleotides into nitrogenus base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group 

where does protine digestion end

Small intestine

where does carb digestion start

mouth

what is the substrate of Disaccharidase

Dissaccharides

what is the substrate of Pancreatic amylase

polysaccharides/starch/amylose

what is the substrate of Pepsin

proteins/polypeptides

what is the substrate of Aminopeptidase

proteins/polypeptides

what is the substrate of Trypsin & chymostrypsin

proteins/polypeptides

what is the substrate of Intestinal Nuclease

DNA/RNA

what is the substrate of Carboxypeptidase

proteins/polypeptides

What is the substrate for Salivary amylase

polysaccharides/starch/amylose

What is the substrate for Lipase

Lipids

what is the substrate for Pancreatic Nuclease

DNA/RNA

Where does catalase come from in the lab enzyme catalyse lab vs. in the body

• Lab: yeast cells

• Body: Tissue

what is the substrate of catalase

Hydrogen Peroxide

Independant variable

causes dependant variable

Dependant variable

based on independant variable

y axis

What other two substances do gastric juices contain that are not enzymes

• HCL to kill bacteria

• Mucus to protect stomach lining 

what does amylase break down starch into

breaks down starch into maltose

What non enzyme substance is made in the pancrease and released in small intestine to neutralize stomach acid

Bicarbonate

what does bile do

Breaks down large fats into smaller ones so lipase can function more effectivly

what does maltase break maltose into

glucose

what does sucrase break sucrose into

glucose+fructose

what does lactase break lactose into

glucose + galactose

what does dipeptidase do 

breaks down dipeptides into amino acids 

what happens when glucose levels are high

• insulin is released and connects to signaler in cell membrane

• insulin signals vescile inside cell to go to membrane and provide pathway for glucose to come in 

what happens when glucose levels are low

• glycogen in liver and muscle cells break down to produce stored glucose

• broken down through hydrolysis

Pancreases two important functions

• Secretes digestive enzymes

• secreats hormones 

type one diabetes

• needs insulin because none is produced

• autoammune disease that attack insulin producing beta cells

• insulin injections are the cure 

type two diabetes

• insulin can be produced

• glucose can’t be taken in

• people need to self regulate glucose levels

enzymes are what and do what?

• catalyse, protine 

• spead up reactions by lowering reaction rate 

Active site

• pocket or groove on the surface of the protine

• site of chemical reaction

What bonds hold the substrate in an active site 

hydrogen and ionic bonds.

Lock and key

• worse model

• shows that substrate fits perfectly with enzyme

Induced fit

• better model

• temporary change. toactive site to fit well with substrate