Plant Anatomy

How do plants meet their energy requirement?

they are autotrophs. They absorb CO2 and H2O to conduct photosynthesis

sessile

fixed in one place; immobile

Explain the effect of selection on plants

Since plants are sessile, there is greater selection pressure for plants to acquire cool chemical and physical defense mechanisms to protect themselves

Gravitropism

a growth response to gravity (knows that the roots go into ground and the stem goes up)

Phototropism

plant grows and angles themselves towards the light

Angiosperms

- (flowering plants) largest group of vascular plants
- consists of monocots and eudicots

Monocots

narrow-leaved such as grasses, palms, and Lillies

Eudicots

broad-leaved plants such as roses and maples

root responsibility

- anchors plant
- stores sugars

shoot responsibility

- leaves (chief organs for photosynthesis)
- stem transports goods to roots
- flower= reproductive organ

determination

The point during development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate

differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

morphogenesis

organism itself develops structure

Multipotency

cells which can differentiate into 2 or more cell types, but are not able to differentiate into all embryonic cell types

Pluripotency

can give rise to any fetal or adult stem cell but cannot lead to development (within 5-14 days of blastocyst stage. NOT AFTER)

Totipotency

the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism
- HOW PLANTS REGROW AFTER BEING EATEN

apical meristem

- cells that divide and cause primary root growth by getting taller, roots longer, or branches longer

Root cap

a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury and detects gravity

apical-basal polarity

cell regions on apical surface differ from those on the basal surface

radial symmetry

- concentric tissue systems
- Outer to inner (Epidermis (dermal), ground, & vascular)

Dermal Tissue System

- The outer protective waxy covering (cuticle)
- provides pathogen barrier, limits H2O loss, and reflects damaging solar radiation
- stomata, trichomes, and root hairs

stomata (stoma)

Small pores on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Trichomes

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

Roots hairs

microscopic hairs from the roots, absorbing moisture and nutrients from the soil

vascular tissue system

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots (xylem and phloem)

xylem

- nonliving
- transports water and minerals around plant
- contributes to the shape of plant

phloem

- living
- carries sugars around plant
- passes contents through pores like a straw

primary growth

Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.

secondary growth

Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.
- not in herbaceous plants
- reflects seasons changes to H2O availability

cortex (root)

Very extensive in the root
Serves as the main physical barrier for water
Forces water to travel around the cells

radicle

the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

Eudicots roots

taproot (nutrient storage. investment in storage)

Monocots roots

fibrous roots (ball of roots, thinner, equal in size
- prevents erosion

node

point where leaves attach

internode

space between leaves

axillary buds

meristem tissue that allows for regrowth

tubers

is a swollen underground stem like a potato

water storage

thicker rounder stems like a cactus

runners

lateral growth
easily propagated (strawberries

blade

thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight (where photosynthesis occurs)

petiole

holds the leaf towards the sun

parenchyma specialization?

palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll cells

Tree rings

lighter colored ring= more spaced out and consistent rain (spring time)
darker colored ring= summer. less consistent rain. Can be multiple rings in one year