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What is the amber alert in Ontario
A child abduction alert system
Why was law enforcement critisized for their handling of the Stafford Case?
An amber alert was not issued immediately
What is the Stafford Case?
Tori Stafford was an 8 year old girl who was lured away from school by Terri-Lynne McClintic, who, along with her boyfriend Michael Rafferty, kidnapped, assaulted and killed Tori.
What are 3 characteristcs of confessions as a tool?
They are a prosecutors “biggest” weapon
Confessions are very strong
They are the main goal on interrogation
What is the more common term to refer to physical coercion?
“Torture”
The REID Technique was created by ____ who was a _____ from Chicago
John (E.) Reid, polygrapher
True or false? The REID Technique is the most widely-used method in North America
True
What are the 3 stages of the REID technique?
Gather evidence, interview witnesses/victims
Non-accusatorial interview
Interrogation
What is another term for an interrogation?
“Accusatorial interview”
True or False? The RCMP use the REID technique.
False. The RCMP use the Phased Interview Model (PIM)
The non-accusatorial interview is a _____ analysis interview.
behavioural
What are the stages of the non-accusatorial interview?
Behavioural Analysis interview (BAI) - 15 “behaviour-provoking” questions
Determine if suspect is being deceptive
(If suspect is no being truthful) 3rd stage (unsure what it is as of now)
What is the assumption of the non-accusatorial interview?
Guilty suspects will react differently (verbally and non-verbally) than innocents (investigators can spot these).
What are the 4 topics to find out with a non-accusatorial interview? Name and describe them.
Purpose - Guilty would be more invasive (?) → “What is your understanding of the purpose of this interview today?”
Vouch - Guilty would be less likely to name another person
Motive - Guilty would be less likely to give a motive → “Why do you think someone took the money?”
Opportunity - Guilty would be less likely to admit opportunity → “Who would have the best opportunity to take the money if they wanted to?”
What does scientific implications of the BAI?
It may not be accurate for observing deception
Innocent suspects may be subjected to stage 3 (i.e., false confessions)
What is the goal of the accusatorial interview?
Secure a confession from the suspect
How many steps are there to the accusatorial interview?
10
What are the steps to an accusatorial interview?
Direct confrontation
Themes for Rationalization
Interruption of denial
Overcome objections (i.e., give reasons as to why the suspect was valid in doing what they did)
Retain suspect attention (e.g., physical proximity)
Overcome passive mood (offer sympathy and understanding)
Alternative explanations
Develop admission into confession
Written confession (Convert oral confession into written one)
What are the 4 REID model influence stategies?
Loss of control
Isolation
Certainty of guilt
Exculpatory scenarios
Explain the characteristics of the “Loss of control” influence strategy.
Interrogator controls every aspect of interrogation
e.g., small room, being between suspect and door, suspect feels vulnerable and uncomfortable, normal rules of social interaction no longer apply
Explain the characteristics of the “Isolation” influence strategy.
Almost always interrogate alone
Supportive members of the suspect (family, friends, etc.) could reinforce the suspect’s resistance to the interrogator
Explain the characteristics of the “Certainty of Guilt” influence strategy.
Direct accusation of suspect’s guilt in crime
Constant pressure
Plays of evidence
Lies and exaggerations about evidence against suspect
“You did it, we know you did it, there’s no point lying”
Imply suspect will be treated with more leniency for confession
Explain the characteristics of the “Exculpatory” influence strategy.
Interrogators offer reasons/excuses for committing crime
Shift blame from suspect to someone else
Provide rationalization for act
Justify crime, deflect blame from suspect
What are the two general interrogation techniques?
Maximization and Minimization
What is maximization?
“Scare tactics”. Exaggerate seriousness, bluff evidence, interrupt denials
What is minimization?
“Soft sell tactics”. Express sympathy, blame the victim, rationalization
What is investigator bias?
Its a potential problem associated with the REID model. Evidence suggests that interrogators who believe a suspect is guilty asks questions differently
True or False? We can accurately detect deception, especially police officers.
False. Only secret service workers had a slightly higher accuracy in detecting deception.
Research suggests that well-educated participants in stress-free conditions ______.
don’t comprehend rights well
What makes the PEACE model different from the REID model?
It is non-accusatory and focuses on open ended questions.
What is the Mr. BIG technique
A controversial undercover police technique where officers pose as members of a criminal organization to gain a suspect’s trust. The suspect is lured into the fake organization with promises of money, protection, or status. Eventually, they are introduced to the "boss" (Mr. Big), who demands a confession as a condition for full membership. This tactic is used to elicit admissions of guilt but is controversial due to risks of coercion and false confessions.
What was the case in which the Mr. Big technique was discussed in class?
Kyle Unger’s conviction of sexual assault and murder of Brigette Grenier
What are the 3 false confession terminologies?
False confession (FC)
Restracted/Recanted confession (RC)
Disputed confession (DC)
What is an FC?
False confession. Either intentionally fabricated or is not based on actual knowledge of the facts that form its content.
“We know it was false”
What is an RC?
A retracted/recanted confession. A confession where the individual declares it is false or made up (regardless if it actually is)
e.g., confesses then withdraws confession
What is DC?
Disputed confession. Confessions disputed at trial. Does not mean the confession was retracted or false but disputes it was ever made.
What is an issue in determining the frequency of determining false confession frequency?
Its hard to establish a ground truth (what actually happened).
How can we maybe measure false confessions?
Self-reports of inmates who falsely confessed and examining the amount of wrongful convictions
What are some potential reasons for false confessions?
Mental exhaustion
Mental illness
Escape stressful situations
Fame
Protect others
Kassin and Wrightsman (1985) identified the 3 most common types of false confessions. What are they?
Voluntary
Coerced-compliant
Coerced-internalized
What is a voluntary false confession?
Suspect falsely confesses to crime without any pressure from police.
Why? Notoriety, feelings of guilt, protect others, etc.
What is a coerced-compliant false confession?
Suspect falsely confesses to crime after a coercive interrogation.
Falsely confesses to avoid further interrogation, gain promised benefits and avoid threatended punishment
What is a coerced-internalized false confession?
Suspect comes to believe they are guilty despite being innocent.
What are some vulnerability factors of those who give may give coerced-internalized false confessions?
History of substance abuse/mental disorders
Inability to distinguish info from misinfo.
Factors that comes with mental state (i.e., anxiety, stress, confusion)
Peter Reilly was an example for which type of false confession?
Coerced-internalized false confession. Where the interrogation lasted 25 hours. He was nowhere near the area when murder occured.
To study false confessions we use primarily ____ and ____.
lab experiements, “mock crimes”
For jurors, ___ is/are more influential than DNA.
confessions
How is the fundamental attribution error seen in juries and false confessions?
Juries tend to believe that behaviours are due to someones disposition rather than their situation.
True or false? About half of jurors believe that officers are better at detecting deception.
True
True or false? Jurors’ knowledge about confessions and interrogations are accurate.
False. About 50% of jurors think that police can’t:
Lie to syspects
Cut off a suspect’s denial of guilt
Use rude or insulting remarks
