Chemical Functional Groups and Properties

Flashcards covering various chemical functional groups (Carbon-Oxygen, Carbon-Sulfur, Carbon-Nitrogen, Esters, and Amides) and their reactive properties based on the lecture transcript.

Alcohol

A functional group represented by the structure $-CH_2-OH$.

Aldehyde

A functional group represented by the structure $-CHO$ or a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydrogen ($-C(=O)H$).

Ketone

A functional group represented by a carbonyl group ($C=O$) situated between two carbon groups, such as $-CH_2-C(=O)-CH_2-$.

Carboxylic acid

A functional group represented by the structure $-C(=O)OH$; noted as being difficult to reduce and can be reduced into an alcohol or aldehyde.

Sulfhydryl group

A functional group represented by $-C-SH$, described as being highly reactive.

Disulfide

A functional group represented by the structure $-C-S-S-C-$; noted as being not reactive.

Ether

A functional group represented by the structure $C-O-C$, noted as being difficult to break.

Acid anhydride

A highly reactive functional group represented by two acyl groups joined by an oxygen atom ($C(=O)-O-C(=O)$).

Amino group

A highly reactive functional group represented by the structure $-CH_2-CH_2-NH_2$.

Quaternary amine

A functional group where a nitrogen atom is bonded to four carbon groups, represented as $-CH_2-N^+(CH_3)_3$.

Ester

A functional group represented by the structure $-C(=O)-O-CH_2-$.

Thioester

A functional group represented by the structure $-C(=O)-S-CH_2-$.

Phosphoester

A functional group represented by the structure $HO-P(=O)(OH)-O-C$, involving a phosphate group bonded to a carbon via an oxygen atom.

Amide

A functional group represented by the structure $-C(=O)-NH_2$.