440 unit 1

domains

bacteria

archaea

eukarya

acellular

not made of cells (non living)

viruses and prions

cellular

made of cells

prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) and eukaryotes

genus - capitalized, species lowercase— when written underline

coccus

sphere

diplococcus

two spherest

tetrad

four spheres

streptococcus

line of spheres

staphlococcus

cluster of spheres

bacillus

rod

streptobacillus

rod chain

aristotle

introduced spontaneous generation

leeuwen hook

first person to see microorganisms (animalcules)- eyeglass

R Hooke

first person to see cells- tree bark

variolation

used for smallpox- inject small dose of illness

edward jenner

small pox vaccine from cow pox

semmelweiss

handwashing

john snow

cholera outbreak- father of epidemiology

louis Pasteur

DISPROVED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION via experiment - bottle neck

fermentation

ubiquity of microbes

foundation for “Germ Theory of Disease”

rabes vaccine

PASTEURIZATION

Joseph Lister

surgical antisepsis

Robert Koch

• microbes can cause disease

• postulates

germ theory of diease

Pasteur, Koch, and Lister- foundations

PLK

paul ehrlich

father of chemotherapy- drugs that target pathogens- magic bullets

alexander fleming

penicillin + lysozymes (hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall)

signs

measurable

virulence

scale of how much pathogen can cause disease

ID50

median infectious dose- how much pathogen to infect 50% animals or smth

LD50

median lethal dose- how much to kill 50% animals or smth

sucessful pathogesn

• maintain reservoir

  • human carriers

  • animals

    • envrionment

normal flora

bacteria on the outside of the body- opportunistic

stages of pathogenicity

Exposure

portal of entries; skin, mucous membranes, parenteral routes: through breach in protective barriers

adhesion

adhesins (protein or carb)- surface of certain pathogens- fimbriae, flagella, illia, capsids,

invasion

pathogen throughout the body

Intracellular proteins

invade via entering host cells + reproducing

obligate

can only reproduce inside the host cell

facultative

can reproduce inside or outside host cell

Infection

successful replication in the host

Types:

Local

Focal

Systemic

infection types

primary: initial infection caused by one pathogen- can lead to

Secondary infection- can happen after treatment

transmission Types

Contact transmission

Vehicle transmission

Vector transmission

Contact transmission

direct or indirect Or droplet

direct contact transmission

vertical- mom to baby

Horizontal- other physical contacts

Indirect contact

fomites, droplet

etiology

study of causes of disease

morbidity

state if being diseased: Uses prevalence and incidence

prevalence

number or proportion of infected given population

incidence

number or porportion of infected given time period

Sporadic disease

disease with no clear gerographic concentration

Primary pathogen

Cause disease even without immunocompromised patient- ex. Streptococcus epidermis

acute

occur over relatively short times and involve rapid onset of disease

chronic

over extended period time- weeks and months

latent

pathogen is dormat that do not become active until host is stressed

endemic disease

disease that is constantly present in a population (at low levels) in particular geographical location

epidemic disease

larger than expected amount of cases in a short time within a region ex. influenza in the winter occasionally

pandemic diease

epidemic that is world wide

mission of CDC

protect public from disease and injury; oversees National notifiable defense and survellance system

reservior

nonliving or livin- where pathogen reside over long periods of time

passive carriers

NOT infected, can infect- has pathogen, but no symptoms

active carriers

infected, with or without symptoms, can transfer

asymptomatic carriers

no signs/symptoms, infected, can transfer

mechanical vector

fly- one host to another w/out being infected it self

biological vector

pathogen partially or reproduces fully in the vector and transfers from one to another ex. arthorpods

HAI

hospital acquired infection- nosocomial infections

passive diffusion

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, no atp

active

requires proteins, uses ATP, endocytosis and exocytosis, ex. Na+/K+ pump

bacteria internal components

nucleoid, plasmid, ribosomes, endospores, plasma membrane, peptidoglycan, myotic acid lipopolysaccharide, glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer, fimbriae, pilus (pili), flagella

nucleoid

houses DNA, DNA in chromatin

plasmid

extrachromosomal DNA; “R” plasmids- resistance DNA; not neccessary for life, not all have

ribosomes

makes proteins, 70S, humans are 80S- 30 + 50s structure

what drug targets ribosome 70s

tetracycline

endospores

made when bacteria is stressed; life support; all necessary components for life- made by G+ bacilli- Bacillus and Clostridium

what bacteria makes endospores

G+ bacilli; Bacillus and Clostridium

plasma membrane

bacterial phospholipids can do cell to cell recognition

peptidoglycan components

NAG and NAM subunits

NAG and NAM use covalent bonds; NAG has tetrapeptide chain,

tetrapeptide chain uses crosslinks to create sheet- uses enzyme bacterial TRANSPEPTIDASE

what does transpeptidase do

makes the peptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan

what does penicillin do

inhibits formation of peptidoglycan via inhibiting transpeptidase

what does ampicillin do

for G- bac. smaller can go through cell membrane number 1- inhibits transpeptidase

what does lysozyme do

breaks down cell wall by breaking NAG and NAM bonds- osmotic lysis

what holds together peptidoglycan in G+ bacteria

Teichoic acid

what causes acid fast cells to be acid fast

Myotic acid- waxy

capsule

glycocalyx- sugar coat

• helps hide from pathogens

• slightly negative causes repel during phagocytosis

• TIGHTLY MADE???

slime layer

glycocalyx- sugary coat

• helps create biofilm

• helps with adhesion

• loose can be washed away?

flagella

runs and tumbles; movement is called

chemoreceptors

sense pathogens or immune cells

fimbriae

hair like protrusions, ADHESION

sex pili or conjugation

tubes, weak, sends over plasmids copy of resistance DNA

LPS

endotoxin can cause shock and kill ppl in G- bac

fungi components

hyphae, spore

bacteria phases

lag, log, stationary, death

lag- baseline; bacteria are adapting preparing to duplicate

log- bacteria have exponential growth, most sensitive to changes, anitbiotics target this area, gram stains, generation time

stationary phase- resistance to anitmicrobials, scared—> make bioflims, endospores

death- LPS released, cells wall die- G+ can look pink under microscope

bacteria growth on exponential graph

linear

Candida albicans

• affects urogenital system; can be ORAL THRUSH or in VAGINA

• YEAST; multicellular

• found in normal flora gastrointestinal tract- respiratory and female urogenital tract

• symptoms: inflammation, itching, thick white or yellow discharge

  • can be removed/ excreted

• overgrowth triggered by anitibiotic use or immunosuppressed patient

• can invade the blood

Coccidioides immitis

• dimorphic fungus- can be MOLD (in environment) or YEAST (in body)

• endemic to San Joaquin Valley- CA- VALLEY FEVER; west coast

• airborne via arthrospores formed in soil

• causes “Cocci cavity” in body- granulomatous in lungs; can be mistaken as lung cancer

• NO ENDOSPORES

• bad infections treated with intravenous antifungal drugs ex. amphotericin

• one of the most infectious fungal pathogens- caused by LABORATORY acquired infection

• droughts can trigger it, construction

• can be asymptomatic; can cause headaches, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughs, rash, fever

Histoplasma captsulatum

• dimorphic, mold in envrionment, yeast in human

• soil reservior or bird feces

• Mississippi Valley, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia

• survive and replicate in immune cells

• East Coast

• similar signs and symptoms to TB

  • fever, headache, weakness, sore chest discomfort

• GRANULOMA formation- “wall of infection”

Cryptococcus neoformans

• yeast

• thick polysaccharide capsule

• birds

  • India ink staining- stain slide, everything else is “halo” look- capsule

• can cause meningitis- inflammation

• in brain/spine area if traveled from the lungs up

• symptoms would be anything related to brain

• non-productive cough

• fever

• dust storm

• granulomatous lesions

• faint rash

• CA

Coccidioides immitis

• dimorphic

• Valley Fever

• white material

• scrapes away

• oral or vagina

• large purple cells

Candida albicans

• vital signs are normal

• halos- India ink stain

• cerebrospinal fluid

• bird

• confused

Cryptococcus neoformans

• Mississippi Valley

• generalized weakness

• old bird droppings

• granulomatous lesions in lungs

• similar to TB

Histoplasma capsulatum

• itchy rash

• cricular

• speaking outward

• red ring, beige on brown skin

• keratin tissue

Tinea infection; ring worm; dermatophyte infection

what are fungi important for

• antibiotics- bacteria are their competitors