UCSP No. 1

Anthropology

Study of Human

1. Socio-Cultural

2. Physical

3. Linguistic

4. Archaeological

4 Branches of Anthropology

Socio-cultural

People live and how culture affect their behavior/action

Physical

-          Evolutions, biology

Linguistic

Language

Archaeological

-          Ancient society by examining potteries or any tangible materials

-          Studies our past

-          Manuggul Jar

Sociology

-          How we form a group

August Comte

Sociology coined by

• Sociological Imagination

• Social Structure

Concepts of Sociology

Sociological Imagination

-          Whatever is happening in your life is the product of the environment

Social Structure

-          Whoever you are dictates your behavior

-          Students (role) smart, etc.

Political Science

-          Branches of the Government

-          Power/Distribution of Power

Culture

Is the shared values, beliefs, customs practices, and material traits that characterize a specific group of people or society.

 

1. Material

2. Non-Material

Components of Culture

Material

-          Consists of the tangible, physical objects created, consumed, and used by a society.

Non-Material

-          Refers to the abstract or intangible creations of a society

1. Symbols

2. Language

3. Value

4. Belief

5. Rituals

6. Norms

Elements of Culture

Symbols

-          Shared words, gestures, objects, or signals which people in community use to convey and develop recognizable meanings.

Language

-          A symbolic system that allows people to develop complex thoughts and record and explain new ideas.

Value

-          The abstract standards in a community that define the ideal principles of what is good, just, and desirable.

Beliefs

-          The shared ideas, values, and principles that a group of people holds to be true.

Rituals

-          Refers to the established sacred or secular procedures and ceremonies that people in the community regularly perform

Norms

-          Refers to specific cultural expectation on how to behave in given situation.

1. Folkways

2. Mores

3. Laws

4. Taboos

4 Types of Norms

Folkways

-          Everyday habits, traditional behaviors, and rules of politeness

Mores

-          Strictly enforced rules based on core moral values.

Laws

-          Formal written rules created and enforced by a political authority. When a folkway or mores is deemed absolutely critical to public safety, it is converted into a law.

Taboos

-          The strongest norms possible. They are behaviors so deeply offensive, forbidden, and reviled within a culture that the mere thought of them causes disgust. (Cannibalism)

• Culture is Social

• Culture Varies from Society to Society

• Culture Varies from Society to Society

• Culture is Learned

• Culture is Transmitted

• Culture is Continuous and Cumulative

Characteristics of Culture

• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Relativism

• Xenocentrism

• Xenophobia

Perspectives in Viewing Culture

Ethnocentrism

-          The practice of judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture. It is the belief that your own culture is superior, “normal,” and the universal baseline for human behavior.

Cultural Relativism

-          The practice of evaluating and understanding a culture based on its own unique standards, history and context, rather than judging it through an outside perspective

Xenocentrism

-          The belief that the products, style, and values of other cultures are inherently superior to one’s own. It is the exact opposite of ethnocentrism.

Xenophobia

-          An intense, irrational fear, hatred, or deep suspicion of people from other countries, their cultures, and their traditions.

• Interdependence

• Identity and Sense of Belonging

• Presence of Social Institution

• Society is a Social System

• Existence of Social Stratification

• Society has a Clearly Defined Territory

Characteristics of Different Society

• Hunting and Gathering Societies

• Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

• Agricultural Societies

• Industrial Societies

• Post Industrial Societies

Types of Society