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Zircon Crystal
The oldest material found on Earth, estimated to be 4.3 billion years old.
Prokaryotic Cells
Single-celled organisms that were the initial form of life on Earth, starting around 3.8 billion years ago.
Multicellular Life
Life forms that evolved over a billion years after the emergence of prokaryotic cells.
Arthropods
Early life forms that evolved around 570 million years ago.
Fish
Life forms that evolved around 530 million years ago.
Land and Plants
Life forms that evolved around 475 and 385 million years ago, respectively.
Mammals
Life forms that emerged around 200 million years ago.
Homo Sapiens
The species of modern humans that evolved 200,000 years ago.
Cell
The basic unit of life.
Pre-existing Cells
The concept that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Creation Theory
The belief that all life forms on Earth were created by a supreme being.
Theory of Abiogenesis
The theory that living things were naturally created from non-living things.
Stanley Miller
The scientist who performed an experiment in 1953 that simulated the conditions for the origin of life on Earth.
Theory of Biogenesis
The theory that living things come from pre-existing living things.
Francesco Redi
A physician and naturalist who conducted experiments that disproved the idea of spontaneous generation.
Louis Pasteur
A French chemist and microbiologist who also disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
Theory of Catastrophism
The theory that multiple creations and catastrophes have occurred throughout Earth's history.
Characteristics of Living Things
The defining features of living organisms, including cells, growth, response to stimuli, interaction, reproduction, adaptation, and organization.
Metabolism
The chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
Growth and Development
The increase in size and complex changes that occur in living organisms.
Stimuli
Signals or changes in the environment that living organisms respond to.
Homeostasis
The internal balance of the body or system of living organisms.
Interactions
The relationships and exchanges that occur among living organisms in an ecosystem.
Reproduction
The ability of living organisms to produce offspring.
Adaptation
The response to stimuli that helps in the survival of an organism.
Evolution
The gradual change in organisms over time in response to a changing environment.
Organization
The hierarchical structure of living organisms, from atoms to molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Energy
The ability to do work.
Autotrophs
Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms.
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy-carrying molecule used by cells.
Photosynthetic Pigments
Pigments found in photosynthetic organisms that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
Cell organelles found in plants and algae where photosynthesis takes place.
Photosystems
Groups of molecules involved in photosynthesis.
Light-Dependent Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.
Light-Independent Reactions
The second stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Calvin Cycle
The series of reactions in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis that converts carbon dioxide into glucose.
Carbon Fixation
The process of converting carbon dioxide into a stable six-carbon molecule.
Reduction Reactions
The step in the Calvin cycle where ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into G3P.
Regeneration of RuBP
The final step in the Calvin cycle where remaining G3P molecules are converted back into RuBP.
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