CHAPTER 10 - SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

what two things go with substance use disorders?

tolerance and withdrawal

tolerance

requires larger doses for the same effect or reduced effects with usual doses

withdrawal

causes negative physical/psychological effects when usage stops or decreases

gambling disorders

behavioural addiction nature, that doesn’t involve a phsycial intake making withdrawal signs harder to define, though tolerance may still occur

alcohol use disorder

significant tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
—> anxiety, depression, restlessness, tremors, and elevated vital signs. also possible hallucinations and fever

short-term effects of alcohol use disorder

GABA, serotonin and dopamine pathways are influneced, reducing tensions ann enhancing pleasure. Cogntive impairments occur at high blood alcohol consumption

long-term effects of alcohol use disorder

damaged organs, impaired vitamin absorption, cirrhosis, FAS

tobacco use disorder

nicotine activated dopamine pathways, reinforcing addiction

—> leading preventable cause of premature daeath

higher mortality rates in lower-income and less-educated populations

secondhand smoke (ETS)

linked to lung damage, cardiovascular disease and risks for babies and children

E-sigarettes and vaping

young people who vape are more likely to transition to smoking traditional cigarettes and using substances

cannabis use disorder

misuse of marijuana (illegal since 2011)
potency has increased over time, with edibles and blunts
effects: relaxation, sociability, impaired memory, fragmented thoguths, and occcasionally hallucinations or panic

short-term effects of cannabis use

dry motuh, increased appetite, higher blood pressure

long-term effects of cannabis use

damaged lung strucutre and function and it affects CB1 and CB2 receptors, crucial for learning and memory

opioids
- 3 waves
- what does it produce and how long does it last?

used medically for pain relief, but frequentiely misused
the crisis has three waves:

1) driven by prescription pain medicines
2) heroin became the predominant issue
3) fentanyl and synthetic opioids are the primary causes of overdose details

produces euphoria, drowsiness and a rusk
—> lasts for 4 to 6 hours, followed by a letdown. It mimicks substances like endorphines and enkephalins, since the opioids stimulate receptors in the brain’s natural opioid system
—> tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are developed, which begin within 8 hours of last use and peak within 36 hours (up to 10 days)

stimulants

increase alertness and activity

amphetamines cause the release of norpeineprhine and dopamine while blocking their reuptake, producing effects. this can lead to nervousness, confusion and aggression at higher doses

cocaine;
- chronic use

creating feelings of self-confidence and well-being

chronic use results in paranoia, social impairments and cogntive difficulties

hallucinogens

• LSD

alter perception and mood, often distorting time and inducing vivid sensory experiences
LSD exerts its effects through the serotonin system, which can last up to 12 hours

extasy

emotional warmth, self-confidence and enhanced sensory appreciation, confusion, anxiety and physical discomfort

PCP
- chronic use

produced severe negative effects
—> chronic use is linked to neuropsychologicla deficits, though these are often compounded by other susbtance use

treatment of substance use disorder

hope, acknowledgement of a substance use problem, relapse prevention

explain hope in treating substance use disorders

it sparks the possibility of chance, allowing individuals to live another day in their fight

how many people don’t receive the necessary help for substance use disorder

91% don’t receive help, so only 1 in 10 gets it e

explain relapse prevention as treatment for substance use disorder

key cognitive-behavioural treatment that helps indiviudals avoid returning to problematic alcohol or drug use
—> relapse is a learning expreince, not a failure

what are the treatments for alcohol use disorder

inpatietn hospital treatment, AA, couples therapy, motivational interventions, moderation in drinking, medications

what is the first step in treating alcohol use disorder

detoxification

explain AA as a treatment for alcohol use disorder

self-help group, that aims to instill the belief that the disorder is a lifelong disease that requires constant vigilance
—> success reate can be affected by high dropout rate

explain couples therapy as a treatment for Alcohol use disorder

integrates skilss from CBT with a focus on addressing alcohol related stressors within the couple’s relationship

explain motivational interventions as a treatment for alcohol use disorder

assessment of past drinking habits, feedback coparing personal drinking to community, and education about the effects of alcohol

explain moderation in drinking as a treatment for alcohol use disorder

help indiviudals gain more control over thier drinking by fostering awareness of the costs of excess drinking

what medications are used to treat alcohol use disorder

disulfiram: causes violent reaction to alcohol consumptinos but has high dropout rates
naltrexone: blocks activity of endorphins and reduces alcohol cravings
acamprosate: reduces cravings and drinking

what treatments are used for smoking

social influences, smoking cessation programs, advising people to start, smells like peppermint, CBT, NRT
—> NRT; helps manage cravins by providing controlled doses of nicotine

what treatments are used for drug use disorder?

CBT, contingency management, medications

what medications are used to treat drug use disorder

buprenorphine: can be prescribed at home
naltrexxone: prevents experiencing the high