Forensics

who developed the top-down approach

The FBI

Who came up with the bottom-up approach

David Canter, UK

What are the principles for creating an offender profile in the bottom-up approach

interpersonal coherence, time and place significance, criminal characteristics criminal career, forensic awareness

What’s a marauder

an offender who operates in close proximity to their home base

What's token economy

a method of behavioural modification in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with reinforcers

What's the first step of token economy

A desirable behaviour is identified

What's the second step in a token economy

the desirable behaviour is broken down into components

Whats the third step in a token economy

Staff and inmates are made aware of this hierarchical scoring system

What's the fourth step of a token economy

Staff are trained on the scoring system to ensure standardisation

What happens if desirable behaviour isn't seen by an inmate in a token economy system

punishment

What type of conditioning does a token economy system use

Operant

How can CBT be used in anger management

it can challenge irrational thinking, recognise cognitive factors which trigger anger and give healthier methods of dealing with conflict

What are the stages in anger management

Cognitive preparation, skill acquisition, application practice

What happens in the cognitive preparation stage

the offender reflects on experiences and looks for triggers and understands their irrational thinking

what happens in the application practice stage

the therapist will re-enact triggering situations so offenders can practice their new kills and if done correctly the behaviour is positively reinforced

What's restorative justice

a method of offender rehabilitation which focuses on prioritising the victims needs and gives an opportunity for them to explain the impact that the crime had on them

Who supervises restorative justice

a trained mediator

What does restorative justice focus on that other behavioural modification techniques misses

the victim

What's the Diathesis stress model and how does it relate to criminality

a theory which demonstrates how a mixture of stress levels and predispositional factors, like candidate genes, correlate to cause criminal behaviour

Which candidate gene is linked to aggressive behaviour

MAOA

who came up with level of moral reasoning

Kohlberg

What’s offender profiling

when expert profilers scrutinise crime scenes and analyse witness reports to generate a hypothesis on offender characteristics

Who came up with Atavistic form

Lombroso (1976)

What’s geographical profiling

A form of bottom-up profiling which uses spatial consistency

What’s a commuter

an offender who travels from their usual residence

What’s crime mapping

when crime scene locations are linked to form a centre of gravity and make inferences into the home or base of the criminal (more active area = closer to home)

What’s spacial consistency

when offenders commit crimes in a limited geographic space

whats a criminal career

how many crimes an offender has previously committed

What’s forensic awareness

when individuals have some awareness of the investigative process as they’ve previously been in contact with the police

What characteristics are disorganised murderers likely to have

impulsivity (opportunity murder), random victim messy, body and weapon wouldn’t be disposed of, lower levels of intelligence, socially and sexually incompetent

What are criminal characteristics

patterns of behaviour which categorise them into types

What’s time and place significance

when offenders pick a location familiar to them at a convenient time

What’s interpersonal coherence

how the offenders behaviour within the crime reflects their real like behaviour

What is used as a comparison point in the bottom-up approach

a data base which can link crimes as well as compare similarities

What is investigative psychology

Systematic analysis of crime scene evidence to build a specific offender picture, also known as the bottom-up approach

What’s an MO

a signature way of working that serious offenders can have

How many sexually motivated murderers were interviewed to create the categories for the top-down approach

36

What are the typologies that offenders can be classed into in the top-down approach

Organised and disorganised

What can a hypothesis on offender characteristics include

age, background and occupation

What characteristics are organised murderers likely to contain

Stalk victim, clean crime scene, dispose of body and weapon, average or higher intelligence, charismatic and social personality

Who came up with geographical profiling?


Kim Rossmo (1997)

What's Jeopardy surface

How investigators make educated guesses of where a person is likely to strike next

What's Atavistic form

A historical approach where its suggested that criminals inherit traits in their DNA which make them a 'primitive'

What caused criminals to commit crime according to Atavistic form

Their savage nature which made it impossible for them to adapt to societal norms

What type of characteristics did criminals have according to Lombroso

both physical and non-physical characteristics which were consistent with primitive humans

Which non-physical characteristics did Atavistic form suggest that criminals have

pain insensitivity, use of slang, tattoos, unemployment

which characteristics did Atavistic form link to murderers

curly hair, long ears, bloodshot eyes

What characteristic did Atavistic form link to fraudsters

thin lips

What did the Atavistic form lead to

recent biological explanations to crime

What dimensions can our personality be represented by according to Eysenck
?

Introversion - Extroversion, Neuroticism - Stability, Psychoticism - Socialisation

What's Eysenck's Personality Inventory

a psychological test which measures extraversion and neuroticism and determines personality type

How was Eysenck's Personality Inventory later changed

a scale was added to measure psychoticism

What did Eysenck say caused certain personality traits

genetic makeup and nervous system

What causes extroversion according to Eysenck

An under active nervous system which causes risk taking

What is neuroticism

when people are unstable, unpredictable, moody, insecure or anxious

What's psychoticism

when people are cold, heartless and cannot feel remorse or guilt

What do criminals score highly on on Eysenck's Personality Inventory


neuroticism

What's the obedience/ punishment stage in the levels of moral reasoning

when an infant doesn't know the difference between right and wrong and is just avoiding punishment

What's the self-interest stage in levels of moral reasoning

the interest shifts to getting rewards rather than avoiding punishment in the pre-school age range

what's the conformity and interpersonal accord stage in levels of moral reasoning

When the school-age child puts in effort to secure approval and maintain friendly relationships with others

What's the authority and social order stage in levels of moral reasoning

in school-age children when the focus is rules and the purpose of morality is to maintain social order not only within a small group but in society

What's the social contract stage in level of moral reasoning

in teens when everyone benefits and they try to make life better for all and understand the difference between morally and legally right

What's the universal principles stage of level of moral reasoning

In adults when morality is based on principles which transcend mutual benefit

In level of moral reasoning which stages are pre-conventional morality

obedience/ punishment and self-interest

In level of moral reasoning which stages are conventional morality

conformity and interpersonal accord, authority and social order

In level of moral reasoning which stages are post-conventional morality

social contract, universal principles

What's Hostile attribution bias

A cognitive distortion which causes individuals to interpret ambiguous situations as hostile

What can hostile attribution bias cause

Aggression, leading to a higher likelihood of criminal behaviour

What's minimisation

When the significance of an event or an emotion is downplayed as a way to deal with guilt

What’s custodial sentencing?

jail

What are the four aims of custodial sentencing

deterrence, incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation

What's individual deterrence

When an individual is stopped from repeating offences given previous experience

What's general deterrence

a method to prevent crime through showing society its not tolerated via vicarious punishment

What's retribution (Custodial sentencing)

An opportunity for society to get revenge for the crime (the idea that offenders suffering should be proportionate to a crimes severity)

What's rehabilitation (custodial sentencing)

an opportunity for offenders to reform there behaviour by allowing them to learn new skills, attitudes and values to allow them to become a non offender

What's institutionalisation (custodial sentencing)

when inmates become so used to the routines and norms within the prison that they cannot function outside

When does restorative justice occur

before a trial and can be considered in sentencing

What's the Restorative Justice Council

an independent body who oversee restorative justice by providing trained professionals and encourages its use in settings like workplaces and schools

How can restorative justice affect sentencing

could be an alternative to prison or give a reduced sentence

Where does restorative justice occur

a neutral, non-courtroom setting

What happens in the skill acquisition stage

a range of cognitive (eg positive self talk), behavioural (assertiveness in training and effective communication) and psychological (methods of relaxation) techniques are learnt to be used in anger provoking situations

How is anger reinforced, according to a behaviourist

the way a situation is viewed can influence our response (our interpretation) and when anger is expressed we can feel in control, which is a positive reinforcer, so they repeat this response next time they have an anxiety inducing situation

What's a primary reinforcer in a token economy system

A reward which can be built towards by gaining more secondary reinforcers, for example more time outside

What's a secondary reinforcer in a token economy system

an item which helps to reinforce behaviour through its association to the primary reinforcer, for example tokens

When must a token be given in a token economy system

immediately after the desirable behaviour is seen

What's prisonisation

when inmates become socialised to prison life including norms, language and attitudes which exist within

What are the psychological effects of custodial sentencing

higher rates of self harm, suicide, depression, self mutation and psychosis in prison, prisionation

What's incapacitation (custodial sentencing)

when an offender is removed from society to protect the public

What's deterrence (custodial sentencing)

a method of using conditioning to stop people doing crime

How does the pre-conventional stage link to offender behaviour

people are most likely to commit crime at this stage if they think they can get away with it due their focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards

What is cognitive distortion

A bias in how we think about the world around us due to errors in information processing system, which is used to justify offending behaviour

What's socialisation

when people develop an awareness to social norms and learn delayed gratification

What is testosterone linked to

aggression and reduced emotion

Why don't extroverts and neurotics socialise

as they don't condition easily or respond to antisocial behaviour

What causes neuroticism according to Eysenck

over active nervous system

How did Lombroso come up with characteristics that link to criminal behaviour within the Atavistic form

analyses the skulls of 383 dead criminals and 3839 living ones and found that 40% of criminal acts could be explained by atavistic characteristics

What characteristics did Atavistic form link to sexual deviants

glinting eyes, fleshy lips, projecting ears

Which physical characteristics did Atavistic form suggest that criminals have

sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones dark skin and extra nipples, toes and fingers

what percentage of violent crimes in Finland were results of the candidate genes MAOA and CDH13

5-10%

What’s differential association theory?

An explanation for criminality which proposes that individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques and motives for criminal behaviour through interaction with others