Fall Final APUSH 2025

Navigation Acts

17th-century English laws controlling colonial trade so England profited from its colonies: certain goods (like tobacco, sugar, and rice) could only be shipped to or sold to England/its colonies or using English/colonial ships

Mercantalism

System where colonies serve the economic interests of the mother country by the colonies providing raw materials and the mother country controlling trade

Encomienda

Race-based caste system

Purpose of the Encomienda System

To provide labor, collect tribute, and convert natives to Christianity

Impact of Disease on Native American Population

Population decline, societal collapse, weakened resistance to European colonization and conquest

Results of the Colombian Trade System on North America

Introduction of new crops and animals, massive population decline, new farming techniques

Reasons for the Increased Use of African Slave Labor in North America

Decline of Native American labor, labor-intensive cash crops, availability of African slaves, racial and legal justifications

Factors in Spanish Success in Conquering Mexico and New Spain

Alliances with indigenous groups, superior weaponry, horses and cavalry, disease, Aztec political structure

Push Factors for English Colonists Settling the Colonies

Religious persecution, economic hardship, and political conflict

Pull Factors for English Colonists Settling the Colonies

Economic opportunities, religious freedom, social mobility, and adventure/new life

Non-Permanent (Mobile) Settlements

These settlements moved seasonally or constantly to follow food. These include Nomadic settlements such as the Great Plains tribes and Great Basin tribes and Semi-Nomadic settlements such as Southwest groups and Eastern Woodland groups

Permanent (Sedentary) Settlements

These settlements lived year-round in one place, usually farming. These include agricultural villages such as the Northeast/Iroquois longhouse villages and Southeast/Cherokee farming towns, Pueblo settlements such as ancestral Puebloans/Mesa Verde/Chaco Canyon, and Urban-Style centers such as Mississipian/Aztec culture.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival from Britain to American colonies in the 1730s-1740s, emphasizing emotional preaching, personal faith, and challenging traditional church authority.

Protestant Evangelicalism

Furthered anglicization by spreading British religious ideas, preaching styles, and cultural values to the colonies

African Slavery

Replaced indentured servitude and indigenous labor because of many Native American deaths from disease and resisted enslavement. African slavery provided a permanent, hereditary labor force that supported colonial plantation economies.

Labor relationships with regional crops and industries

Middle colonies had grain farming and commerce that used family labor, indentured servants, and some enslaved Africans. Southern colonies had plantation crops that required intensive labor and relied on enslaved African labor.

Results of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680

Spanish were driven out of New Mexico, Spanish authorities were more tolerant of Pueblo religious practices, and Native Americans could successfully resist European control.

Development of Spanish settlements in North America

Built missions, presidios, and towns to convert Native Americans, extract resources, and control territory. Also built near fertile land and water to support mission farming and ranching.

Development of French settlements in North America

Used limited agriculture because they were centered on fur trade and alliances with Native Americans.

Development of English settlements in North America

Relied heavily on agriculture and developed diverse economies: farming and trade in New England, commerce in the Middle Colonies, and plantation agriculture in the South

Responses of the British Crown to acts and writings speaking out against the monarchy

Censorship and legal action, taxes and regulatory acts, military enforcement, and intimidation of colonial leaders

Rebellious actions of the colonists that prompted British response

Protests and riots, boycotts, pamphlets and writings, formation of resistance groups, and violence against officials

Opinions of Federalists towards the Constitution

Supported the Constitution because they believed a strong central government was needed to maintain order and unity. They also argued it would promote economic growth and thought a system of checks and balances would prevent tyranny.

Opinions of Anti-Federalists towards the Constitution

Opposed/wanted significant changes to the Constitution because they feared a strong central government government would threaten states’ rights and individual freedoms. They were also worried about the lack of a Bill of Rights to protect citizens.

Reasons for Galloway’s Plan

Avoid full rebellion, create a union with Parliament, prevent conflict, and maintain economic and political ties

Popular opinions of the colonists towards Britain prior to the American Revolution

Resentment of taxes and trade restrictions, belief in rights as Englishmen, support for local self-government, division between loyalists and patriots

American colonists’ justification for separation from Britain

Used Enlightenment principles such as natural rights, social contract, reason and rationality, and consent of the governed.

Reasons for American Rebellion towards Britain

Taxation without representation, restriction of colonial trade and economy, lack of political autonomy, Enlightenment ideas, military presence and oppression, and cultural and regional identity

Reasons the French and Indian War Started

Competition for land, fur trade rivalry, colonial expansion, and imperial rivalry

How Britain Attempted to Pay the Debt Resulting from the French and Indian War

Taxes on the colonies, strict enforcement of trade laws, quartering and stationing troops

Goals of the Women’s Rights Movement throughout the 1800’s

Legal equality, voting rights (suffrage), education, work and economic opportunities, and social reform

Common Goals of the Women’s Rights Movement and Other Movements throughout the 1800’s

Equality and social justice, expansion of political participation, moral and social improvement, and education and opportunity

Inspiration of the Women’s Rights Movement in Early Founding Government Documents

Declaration of Independence ideas such as “all men are created equal,” consent and self-governance, language of liberty and rights

Conditions of the Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state, no slavery north of the 36°30′ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory

Roles of Women During the Market Revolution

Domestic sphere, textile and factory work, teaching and social reform, and consumer roles

Role of Textile Mills in Benefiting Merchants

Creating demand for raw materials, generating profits from finished goods, and stimulating commerce and trade networks

Henry Clay

U.S. politician and leader of the “American System” who wanted to strengthen the national economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, and economic unity between North, South, and West

Opposition to Clay

Southern states’ leaders wanted tariffs that benefited Northern industry but hurt Southern planters, federal funding for internal improvements, and a weak central government

Rise of Sectionalism and Regionally Defined Politics

The North had an industrial economy that supported high tariffs and a strong central government. The South had an agricultural economy based on slave labor and defended states’ rights. The West focused on land expansion and internal improvements.

Sale of Low-Cost Federal Land to Settle the West

Sold to encourage settlement of the Western territories, expand agriculture, promote economic growth, and secure U.S. control over new lands

Role of Manifest Destiny in American Identity

Promoted the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent (moral and political duty), reinforced ideas of American exceptionalism, democracy, and progress

Compromise of 1850

A set of laws meant to reduce sectional tensions over slavery. Admitted California as a free state, popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico, Stronger Fugitive Slave Act, and Texas gave up land claims

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Law requiring that escaped enslaved people be captured and returned to their enslavers, even if they were found in free states

Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act’s Effect on Sectional Tensions

The Compromise of 1850 temporarily reduced sectional conflict, but it ultimately intensified tensions, especially because of the Fugitive Slave Act. The compromise calmed Southern fears but angered Northerners who were forced to return the escaped enslaved people.

Connection between Fugitive Slave Act and the Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 depended on the Fugitive Slave Act to gain Southern support, but sparked Northern opposition and increased sectional tension.

Who Supported vs Who Opposed the Fugitive Slave Act

The Southern slaveholders, politicians, and some Northern Democrats supported the Act. Northern abolitionists, many free Black communities, and anti-slavery Northerners and reformers opposed the Act.

Effects of the Dred Scott v. Sanford Case in 1857

Missouri Compromise was overturned, increase in support for the Republican Party, expanded slavery’s reach, heightened sectional tensions

Who supported vs. Condemned the ruling on the Dred Scott v. Sanford case

Southern slaveholders and Democrats who favored state’s rights supported the decision. Northern abolitionists, Republicans, and many free Black communities condemned the decision.

Push Factors for Immigration to the United States in the 1840’s

Irish Potato Famine, economic hardship and lack of land in Europe, and political unrest and failed revolutions

Pull Factors for Immigration to the United States in the 1840’s

Job opportunities in factories, canals, railroads, and cities, abundant cheap land in the West, political and religious freedom, higher wages, and the chance for social mobility

Largest Immigrant Group and Political Issues They Brought

Irish immigrants due to the Irish Potato Famine brought strong support for the Democratic Party, backed urban political machines, and often opposed temperance

Concern of Native-Born Whites with Irish Immigration

Feared Catholicism, worried Irish immigrants would vote as a powerful political bloc, believed they threatened jobs, wages, and nativism

Free Soil Party root for Republican Party

Opposed the expansion of slavery, supported free labor and land for white settlers, believed slavery hurt opportunities for free workers

Know-Nothing Party root for Republican Party

Promoted nativism, opposed immigration, and supported longer naturalization periods

Whig Party root for Republican Party

Packed protective tariffs, supported internal improvements, and favored a strong national government

Republic Party Platform

Anti-slavery expansion (Free Soil), economic modernization (from Whigs), and some nativist support among members (from Know-Nothings)

Republican Resistance to Popular Sovereignty

Centered on the belief that slavery should not be allowed to expand into new territories, popular sovereignty threatened the containment of slavery

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that residents of a territory should decide whether to allow slavery instead of letting Congress decide, introduced in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, led to conflict and violence (Bleeding Kansas)

Manifest Destiny Leading to Physical Growth of the United States

Encouraged the annexation of Texas and the U.S. settlement of the Oregon Territory, and helped drive the Mexican-American War, Gadsden Purchase, and Louisiana Purchase

Manifest Destiny Leading to Sectionalism Over the Expansion of Slavery Into the Territories

Fueled Sectionalism because westward expansion raised the question of whether new territories would allow slavery

Results of the Mexican American War from 1846 to 1848

Territorial gains for the United States, expansion of slavery debate, military experience for future leaders, increased nationalism and Manifest Destiny fulfillment