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Name of the economics Nobel Prize winner
Elinor Ostrom 2009. won it for showing that people do not always act in their narrow self-interest
what does Elinor Ostrom identify as a critical component? and is it nationalization or privatization or something else ?
her critical component is that she feels people can work together to manage shared resources
Something else. she instead wants communties to set their own rules
The examples of a ‘tragedy of the commons’ type situation given in class.
Gulf of mexico “dead Zone”
COLLAPSE OF GRAND BANKS Fisheries
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
Gulf of Mexico “Dead Zone”
farmers are under pressures to use fertilizers that contain nutrients to maximize growth, this leads to a depletion of the environment through the dead zone
shows how a lack of regulation and everyone acting in their innocent self-interest harms the environment
Collapse of Grand Banks Fisheries
there was no more fish so everyone decided to act on their own interest by depleting the envioronment
NEED regulation
Traffic congestion
Hardin’s theory
everyone acts on their own interest by driving but it is harmful because roads reach capacity
Demographic transition model (Phases)
Phase 1: pre-industrial societies are characterized by high death and birth rates
Phase 2: rapid fall in death rate= gap between death rate and birth rate
Phase 3: birth rates fall, but at a later date than death rates
Phase 4: death rates and birth rates equal each other but at a much lower level. Population is higher than previous
Phase 5:some countries entered phase 5
What is the resource curse?
countries with abundant natural resources
do not perform well economically compared to countries without resources
Study the population pyramids for Ghana and Kenya. Understand what the changing shape of the pyramid over time indicates, in terms of changing population growth rate
(1990)an increase of males and females in the 0-4 year category but as they aged the population would decrease
(2010) a significant decrease in both males and females in the 0-4 category. As ages increase, there is no specific pattern. Pyramid goes up and down randomly
The relationship between poverty, education level, and rural/urban location, and the number of children had by women.
high fertility rates are in rural areas with poor people who have little to no education
low fertility rates are evident in urban areas, with rich people who are educated
The fertility rate in Africa in the middle of the 20th century, the present day, and the predictions for the end of the 21st century
Middle of the 20th century: women have an average of 6.6 births
Present day: fertility rate now sits at 4.71 births, still almost twice the world average of 2.51
Predictions by the end of the 21st century: fertility rate is estimated to be 2.16 births, just above the world average of 1.99
two concepts of decoupling
reducing impact of resource use (impact decoupling)
reducing oil spills, adding safety regulation, paying funds when mining
resource decoupling from economic activity
as economic activity increases, resource use increases
temperature trends based on distance from equator
Equator = generally hot & wet
Above & below equator by 30 degrees = generally hot & dry
tropical wet climates
Equatorial latitudes (→Northern South America, Middle Africa)
tropical dry climate:
Subtropical high (30 degrees from equator) (Northern South America, top of South tip of Africa)
Arid Climate:
Mid Latitudes (60 degrees from the equator) (top half of Africa, west America, Middle East, Northern China
Polar Climate:
Polar Latitudes (further from the equator) (arctic, top bit of Canada, and Asia
globalization
process that breaks down boundaries, makes places similar, and connects them by encouraging ideas, products, and practices
Regionalization:
how & when & why regions emerge
solar energy at the Equator
Vernal and autumnal equinox (-March & September 21st) - neither hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, equal day and night length everywhere in the world
Tropic of cancer
23.5 north in JUNE summer solstice
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5 south in DECEMBER winter solstice
