astronomy final

Where do comets come from?

Oort cloud

dwarf plants and one of the biggest kupier belt objects?

eris

What committee came up the qualifications for planetary status?

I.A.U., International Astronomical Union

NASA, First mission to Pluto, because Pluto's atmosphere is freezing. We want to be able to see the surface ASAP, before the atmosphere freezes over and we can't see anything. (And I don't want to sound biased but Pluto is the best, no hate to the other planets but y'all just couldn't handle how cool Pluto is so you guys kicked him out whatever though it's cool, no hate, no hate).

New Horizons

Io and Europe have very warm cores. On Europa, we know there is subsurface liquid water even though the surface is entirely frozen. Io is the most volcanic body in the Solar System. These two moons should not have enough heat to be so internally heated. Their radioactive materials are long gone, and without it, they have nothing to decay. That means no heat. Nor are they large enough to have any heat left over from their formation. So, what causes the heat on these two moons? Tidal heating! Tidal heating occurs when a body is stretched and compressed in its eccentric orbit. Friction inside the core causes heat! Io, the closest moon to Jupiter, is pulled by both Jupiter and its neighboring moons. The closer the moon is to the large body, the greater the force. So, at periapsis the force Jupiter has on Io is greater than at apoapsis. Same goes for Europa.

Io and Europa

The solid region of ice and dust that composes the central region of the head of a comet. Spongy and dark.

Nucleus

The brightest part of a comet, often called 'the head'.

Coma

Consists of material streaming away from the main body, sometimes spanning hundreds of millions of kilometers. may be composed of dust or ionized gases. (gas tail, plasma tail)

Tail

The ____ tail is create by solar winds and always points away from the Sun. which is made up of ionized particles.

Plasma

A _______ occurs when Earth passes through the comet's orbit, interacting with the debris.

meteor shower

All gas giants comprised of _________ , have large extended atmospheres, and have no surface.

Hydrogen and Helium

Neptune and Uranus' color comes from _______

Methane

Jupiter and Saturn have very ______ winds while Neptune and Uranus have ______ speeds

Fast;slower

Attributes to their __________

Jupiter has the most significant weather patterns, some storms lasting thousands of years.

Saturn's winds are too fast for storms like Jupiter's, winds three times as strong as Jupiter

Uranus and Neptune don't have enough heat to produce significant winds

large magnetic fields

How do the Jovian planets generate such strong magnetic fields?

Massive sizes, metallic hydrogen and speed of rotation

Jupiter is the largest, and with a greater size, there is more metallic hydrogen. The more metallic hydrogen, the more conductive stuff there is to create electricity. The faster you turn that stuff, the larger the magnetic field.

Example...

Which two Jupiter Moons have warm cores?

Io and Europa

On_______ we know there is subsurface liquid water even though the surface is entirely frozen

Europa

_____is the most volcanic body in the Solar System

Io

______ occurs when a body is stretched and compressed in its eccentric orbit

Tidal Heating

Our theory states that roughly 4.6 billion years ago, our system was just a large cloud of gas and dust. That dust was rotating, compressing as a result of angular momentum. The cloud eventually flatten out to create a flat round disk of rotating debris. When enough material collected at the disk's center, nuclear fusion began and our Sun was born, collecting nearly 99.8% of all the material. The material left behind began to clump together into bigger and bigger pieces. These clumps eventually formed into planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and moons.

Solar system formation theory

-Pioneer 10 and 11 (flybys)

-Voyager 1 and 2 (flybys)

-Galileo (orbiter and probe)

Jupiter

-Pioneer 11 (flyby)

-Voyager 1 and 2 (flyby)

-Cassini-Huygens (orbiter and probe

Saturn

-Voyager 2 (flyby)

Only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune

U: found 10 new moons, studied Miranda

Uranus and Neptune

What is the largest moon in the Solar System?

Ganymede

Io, Europa, Ganymede,and Callisto

Jupiters moons