Grade 11 Term 3 STEM Chemistry Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering Energy in Chemical Systems and Battery Technology based on the PNG Grade 11 STEM Chemistry Syllabus.

Chemistry

The study of matter and its composition, how they interact to form new compounds through chemical reactions and the energy they generate as a result of these interactions.

Ultima Thulë Ltd

The organization engaged by the Department of Education to develop the STEM Curriculum.

Integral Human Development

A virtue espoused in Section 4 of the National Education Act 1983 (amended 1995) and the First Directive of the National Goals and Directive Principles.

Dr Uke Kombra, PhD

The Secretary for Education who approved the official Grade 11 STEM Chemistry Syllabus for Papua New Guinea.

Science Domain

The study of the natural world, including laws associated with physics, chemistry, and biology, comprising a body of accumulated knowledge and scientific inquiry.

Technology Domain

The entire system of people, organizations, knowledge, processes, and devices that go into creating and operating technological artifacts.

Engineering Domain

The domain concerning knowledge about the design and creation of products and a process for solving problems under natural, financial, and regulatory constraints.

Mathematics Domain

The study of patterns and relationships among quantities, numbers, and shapes, serving as a Service Domain in the STEM Curriculum.

Ethnobotany

A module under the Thema Biodiversity that covers medicinal/herbal plants, bioactive compounds in plants, and therapeutic drugs.

Principles of Biotechnology

A module under the Thema Biotechnology covering Polymerase Chain Reaction, dyes in DNA sequencing, and proteins.

Biochemistry in Medicine

A module under the Thema Health and Medicine covering drug design, drug pharmacology, and diagnostic laboratory tests.

Energy in Chemical Systems

Module 1 under Thema Energy scheduled for 4 weeks in Grade 11 Term 3.

Chemistry Concepts of Battery

Module 1 under Thema Battery Technology scheduled for 5 weeks in Grade 11 Term 3.

Module Content Standard 11.1

Standard specifying students discuss energy transfer and conversion in a chemical system, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, and hydrocarbons.

Module Content Standard 11.2

Standard specifying students discuss the chemistry concepts of battery in chemical reactions, composition, and efficiency of batteries.

Performance Indicator 11.1.1

Expectation where students learn about energy involved in chemical reactions and specify whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Performance Indicator 11.1.2

Expectation where students define and discuss thermochemistry and how energy in the form of heat is used and transferred in chemical systems.

Performance Indicator 11.1.3

Expectation where students understand aspects of chemical reactions in terms of reduction and oxidation to explain corrosion, batteries, and fuel cells.

Performance Indicator 11.1.4

Expectation where students define hydrocarbons, classify them, and understand the applications of hydrocarbons in industries.

Performance Indicator 11.2.1

Expectation where students learn about reduction-oxidation reactions, their importance in battery technology, and how to balance those reactions.

Performance Indicator 11.2.2

Expectation where students understand the different chemical elements used in battery technology and how to utilize them effectively.

Performance Indicator 11.2.3

Expectation where students utilize knowledge on battery composition and reactions to understand how effectively a battery works and describe battery efficiency.

Energy

The ability to do work, which exists in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other forms.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that gives off energy during the process, often in the form of heat.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings in order for the reaction to proceed.

Enthalpy

The stored chemical energy of reactants and products in a chemical system.

Law of Conservation of Energy

The law stating that the total energy of a chemical system remains the same during a chemical reaction.

Activation Energy

An energy type involved in chemical systems required to break bonds so that new products can form.

Kinetic Energy

An energy type in chemical systems associated with particle motion and molecular movement.

Potential Energy

Stored energy, such as the chemical energy stored within the chemical bonds of compounds.

Thermochemistry

The study of how energy in the form of heat is used, generated, and transferred in chemical systems.

First Law of Thermodynamics

A foundational thermodynamic principle relating internal energy changes to heat and work within physical and chemical systems.

Internal Energy

The total energy contained within a chemical or thermodynamic system.

State Functions

System properties whose values depend only on the current state of the system, not on the path used to reach that state.

Electrochemistry

The study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move, involving oxidation-reduction reactions to generate electricity or drive reactions.

Redox Reaction

A reduction-oxidation reaction involving simultaneous electron transfer where one species loses electrons and another gains electrons.

Gibbs Free Energy

Thermodynamic free energy used in electrochemistry to connect chemical reaction spontaneity with cell potential.

Cell Potential

The electric potential difference between two half-cells in an electrochemical system, related directly to Gibbs free energy.

Corrosion

An electrochemical degradation process of metals explained through reduction and oxidation reactions.

Hydrocarbons

Organic chemical compounds composed solely of hydrogen and carbon elements.

Alkanes

A category of hydrocarbons containing single carbon-carbon bonds.

Alkenes

A category of hydrocarbons containing at least one double carbon-carbon bond.

Alkynes

A category of hydrocarbons containing at least one triple carbon-carbon bond.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing cyclic planar structure rings with delocalized pi electrons.

Battery

A storage device and converter for chemical energy and electrical energy consisting of one or more electrochemical cells connected to external circuits.

Cathode

The positive terminal of a battery where reduction occurs and electrons are gained.

Anode

The negative terminal of a battery where oxidation occurs and from which electrons flow.

Oxidation

A process in chemical reactions characterized by the loss of electrons and hydrogen, and the gain of oxygen.

Reduction

A process in chemical reactions characterized by the gain of electrons and hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen.

Oxidizing Agent

A substance or redox agent that causes another species to be oxidized by gaining electrons itself.

Reducing Agent

A substance or redox agent that causes another species to be reduced by losing electrons itself.

Half Reactions

Equations showing either the oxidation or reduction process separately, used to balance overall redox reactions.

Primary Batteries

A type of battery designed for single-use applications that cannot be easily recharged once chemical reactions complete.

Secondary Batteries

Rechargeable batteries that can reverse their chemical reactions when electrical energy is applied.

Battery Efficiency

A measure describing how effectively a battery works and converts stored chemical energy to electrical energy.

State of Charge

A key factor affecting battery efficiency, representing the remaining available capacity of a battery relative to its total capacity.

Internal Resistance

An internal opposition factor within a battery that hinders electrical current flow and affects overall efficiency.

Atkins, P. de Paula, J. (2006)

Authors of 'Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences' (pg 209-225), published by Oxford University Press, New York.