Bio Chapter 14

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When Earth formed

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Biology

47 Terms

1

When Earth formed

4.6 billion years ago

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2

When solid crust formed

500 million years ago

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3

Densest elements

elements pulled by gravity to the center of the planet

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4

Early atmosphere

water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen

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5

Minerals

the oldest known rocks to suggest that the early atmosphere had little to no free oxygen

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6

Fossil

preserved evidence of an organism

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7

Fossil formation

Fossils are formed in sedimentary rock that builds up until it covers the organisms remain until minerals replace the original matter leaving behind an impression of its body

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8

Paleontologists

scientists who study fossils

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9

Relative dating

a method used to determine the age of rocks by comparing them with those in other layers

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10

Law of superstition

what relative dating is based on which states that younger layers of rocks are deposited on top of older layers

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11

Radiometric dating

uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure the age of a rock

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12

Half life

the time it takes for half of the original isotope to decay

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13

Original preservation

remains of plants or animals that have been altered very little since death which is uncommon, ex: mummification, freezing, amber

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14

Altered hard parts

hard parts of organisms becoming fossils, ex: shells, bones

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15

Mineral replacement

actual hard par minerals eventually getting replaced with new minerals

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16

Permineralization

pore spaces filled in with minerals from groundwater, ex: petrified wood

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17

Recrystallization

hard parts subjected to changes in temperature and pressure, original minerals transformed into a new mineral

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18

Mold

when sediments cover the original hard part of an organism and the hard part is later removed to leave a hollowed-out impression

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19

Cast

a material that fills a mold and makes a 3-D replica of the hard part of an organism

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20

Trace fossils

can provide information about how an organism lived, moved, and obtained food, ex: burrows, footprints

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21

Index fossils

fossils that are easily recognized, abundant, widely distributed geographically, and lived for a relatively short period of time

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22

Geologic time scale

a model that expresses the major geological and biological events in Earth’s history

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23

Epochs

smallest units of geologic time (less than a million years)

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24

Periods

two or more epochs (10m years)

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25

Eras

two or more periods (100m years)

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26

Eon

largest unit in geologic time, can be billions of years

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27

Precambrian

4 billion years ago including 90% of earth’s history, when life first appears and autotrophic prokaryotes bring oxygen to the atmosphere, first animals appear

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28

Paleozoic Era

first life on land, mass extinction ended the era taking out 90% of marine organisms

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29

Cambrian explosion

when most major animal groups diversified

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30

Mesozoic Era

dinosaurs, birds, and mammals evolved, meteorite impact changed the climate and wiped out dinosaurs and many other species, iridium is rare

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31

K-T boundary

a layer of material in between the rocks in the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods with unusually high levels of iridium

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32

Plate tectonics

describes the movement of several large plates that make up the surface of the Earth which move atop a molten layer of rock

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33

Cenozoic Era

mammals become dominant. humans appeared recently in the Neogene Period

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34

Spontaneous generation

an early idea that suggests life arises from nonlife such as mud

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35

Theory of biogenesis

states that only living organisms can produce other living organisms

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36

Louis Pasteur

scientist that designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was true even for microorganisms

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37

Simple organic molecule formation

life originated

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38

Primordial soup hypothesis

Suggests if the Earth’s atmosphere had a mix of certain gases, organic molecules could have been synthesized

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39

Miller and Urey

the first to show that inorganic compounds could produce simple organic molecules, including amino acids

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40
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41

How proteins could have been made

if amino acids were bound to a clay particle

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42

RNA

considered life’s first coding system, can act as a ribozyme that might have carried out early life processes

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43

Clay crystals

potentially could have provided an initial template for RNA replication

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44

Formation of membranes

important step in the evolution of life

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45

The first cells

simple prokaryotes

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46

Cyanobacteria

photosynthesizing prokaryotes that evolved not long after archaea-like life forms that eventually produced enough oxygen to make the ozone layer

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47

Endosymbiont theory

proposed by Lynn Margulis saying that ancestral eukaryotic cells absorbed prokaryotic cells

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