Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of Germ Theory and Vaccination

Flashcards covering the life, scientific experiments, disproof of spontaneous generation, germ theory, pasteurization, and vaccine developments of Louis Pasteur.

Who is known as the 'Father of Microbiology'?

Louis Pasteur

What were Louis Pasteur's lifespan years and primary scientific professions?

1822-1895; French chemist and microbiologist.

Where was Louis Pasteur born, and at which institution in Paris did he study?

He was born in Dole, France, and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

Which three scientists are credited with the development and acceptance of the Germ Theory of Disease?

Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch.

Which Italian physician performed an experiment in 1668 using meat containers to refute the idea that maggots spontaneously generate?

Francesco Redi

In what year did Louis Pasteur perform his swan-neck flask experiment to refute spontaneous generation?

1861

How did the swan-neck feature of Pasteur's flasks prevent contamination of the sterile broth?

It allowed air to enter the flask but prevented the entry of bacterial and fungal spores.

In what year was pasteurization developed, and what was its original purpose?

Developed in 1864 to prevent spoilage in wine and beer.

What temperature and duration example is given in the transcript for the pasteurization of milk?

$72^\text{C}$ for $15\text{sec}$

Which two silkworm diseases did Louis Pasteur discover were affecting the silk industry between 1865 and 1870?

Silkworm nosema disease (pebrine) and flacherie.

What protozoan species mainly causes pebrine ('pepper disease') in silkworms?

Nosema bombycis

What method did Louis Pasteur develop to screen for healthy silkworm eggs and eliminate contaminated females?

Cellular egg production method (also known as 'graining').

How is fermentation defined in the transcript?

A biochemical process that gets energy from carbohydrates and does not require oxygen.

What is the 'Pasteur effect'?

The arresting of the fermentation process by passing air (oxygen) through the fermenting fluid.

Which terms did Pasteur introduce to designate organisms based on their survival in the presence or absence of oxygen?

Aerobic and anaerobic

What pathogen causes fowl cholera (chicken cholera)?

Pasteurella multocida

How did Pasteur discover the principle of vaccination with attenuated pathogens in 1879?

He inoculated chickens with an aged, weakened culture of Pasteurella multocida, which resulted in immune birds without disease or death.

Why did Pasteur give artificially weakened disease agents the generic name of 'vaccines'?

In honour of Edward Jenner's discovery.

What bacterium was identified by Pasteur in 1877 as the cause of anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

For which livestock disease did Pasteur develop a vaccine in 1882?

Swine erysipelas

Who was the young man saved by Pasteur's rabies vaccine in 1885 after being bitten by a rabid dog?

Joseph Meister

Which Pasteur Institute researcher was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on quantum entanglement?

Alain Aspect

Where is Louis Pasteur buried?

In a vault/crypt located underneath the Pasteur Institute in Paris.

What were Louis Pasteur's reported last words?

One must work; one must work. I have done what I could