NCMB 314 PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN AGING

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Decreased protection against trauma and sun exposure; Decreased protection against extreme temperature; Diminished secretion of natural oils and perspiration

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Skins appear thin and wrinkled;

Complaints of injuries and bruises;

Complaint of intolerance to heat;

Bone structure is prominence; dry skin

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Avoid solar exposure

Dress appropriately for temperature;

Lubricate skin;

Maintain safe indoor temperature

MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM

Loss of bone density ;

Loss of muscles strength and size;

Degeneration of joint cartilage

MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Height loss prone to fracture ;

kyphosis;

backpain;

loss of strength ,flexibility and endurance ;

Joint pain

MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Exercise regularly,

Eat high calcium diet;

Limit phosphorus intake;

Take calcium and vit D supplement

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Increase in lung rigidity and elastic recoil,

• Increase in residual lung volume;

• Decrease in vital capacity;

• Decrease cough efficiency

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Fatigue breathlessness with sustained activity;

Impaired healing of tissue as a results of decrease oxygenation ;

Difficulty in coughing up secretion

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

• Exercise regularly

• Avoid smoking

• Use mask when appropriate

• Maintain adequate hydration

• Maintain a clean environment

• Practice stress management

• Avoid exposure to respiratory infections

• Receive yearly influenza immunization

• Ensure early diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infections

• Adhere to prescribed treatment for chronic respiratory illness

CARDIOVASCULAR

Heart valves becomes thicker,

Heart muscle and arteries lose their elasticity, Accumulation of Ca and fat deposits,

Veins become tortuous,

Less reserve and less response to stress

CARDIOVASCULAR SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

• Complaint of fatigue with increase activity ;

• Increase heart rate recovery time;

• Normal BP < or = to 140/90mmhg

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Lifestyle modification,

Exercise regularly;

weight control;

avoid smoking;

eat low fat low salt food;

BP control;

Medication compliance;

Stress management

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Female:

-Vaginal narrowing and decrease elasticity;

-Decrease vaginal secretion,

slower sexual response

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Male:

-Decrease size of penis and testes

; slower sexual response

Uterus

loss of muscle and eventual cessation of menstrual cycle

Ovaries

reduction in number of ovarian follicles maturing leads to gradual decline in fertility

51

Levels of estrogen begin to drop, triggering the menopause typically around age of

Fallopian tubes

shrinkage in length, loss of ciliated epithelia and loss of mucosa contribute to loss of fertility

opening of the cervix

reduced cervical secretions

vagina

loss of elasticity, shortening in length, reduction in vaginal secretions and thinning of epithelial lining all increase risk of tears, bleeding and infection

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA Female:

painful intercourse; vaginal bleeding ff intercourse, delayed orgasm, vaginal itchiness and irritation

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA Male:

delayed erection and achievement of orgasm, BPH

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

May require vaginal estrogen replacement ;

Gynecology /urology ff-up; use lubricant when intercourse, pelvic floor exercise

GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM : Male:

benign prostatic hyperplasia

GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM : Female:

relaxed perineal muscles; urethral dysfunction

GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Urinary retention, irritative voiding symptoms

Including frequency, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying urgency/frequency syndrome drop of urine lost when cough

GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Seek referral to urology; ready access to toilet

Wear easily manipulated clothing ;

Drink adequate fluids

NERVOUS SYSTEM:

• Reduced speed in nerve conduction;

• Increase confusion with physical illness and loss of environment cues ;

• Reduced cerebral circulation

NERVOUS SYSTEM: SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Slower to respond and react;

Learning takes longer; faintness,

frequent falls

NERVOUS SYSTEM HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Pace teaching;

Enhance sensory stimulation;

encourage slow rising from resting position

SPECIAL SENSES : Vision:

Diminished ability to focus on close object,

Inability to tolerate glare;

Difficulty adjusting to change of light intensity;

Decrease ability to distinguished colors

SPECIAL SENSES : Hearing:

Decrease ability to hear high- frequency sounds

Taste and smell: decrease ability to taste and smell

SPECIAL SENSES (VISION) SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Holds object far away from face ;

complain of glare; poor night vision; confuses color

SPECIAL SENSES (HEARING) SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Give inappropriate response ;

Ask people to repeat words; strain forward to hear

SPECIAL SENSES (TASTE) SUBJECTIVE/ OBJECTIVE DATA

Uses excessive sugar and salts

SPECIAL SENSES (VISION) HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Wear eyeglasses; use sunglasses outdoor ;use large print book ;use magnifiers for reading

SPECIAL SENSES (HEARING) HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Recommended hearing examination; enunciate clearly; speak with low pitch voice; use nonverbal cues

SPECIAL SENSES (TASTE) HEALTH PROMOTIONS STRATEGIES

Encourage use of lemon, spices and Herbs

PRESSURE INJURIES

Previously referred to as pressure ulcer

Nutrition and mobility and application of dressing (levin 1992)