AP World History: Modern 1450-1750

Ottoman - Devshirme

a political system where Christian boys were kidnapped/recruited to serve in military or government. ensured loyalty at a young age to caliph

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan. best land army in the world for a while

safavid - ghulam system

boys collected from russia for savafids, sim. to devshirme, mercenaries, or educated in a particular area to earn freedom

table of ranks

russia gov. reform in 1722. a person's social-economic class = different ranks in bureaucracy/military. a meritocracy where lineage didn't matter.

boyar

russian nobility

mansabdars

hindus or muslims that were officers of the state. military and civil leaders that collected taxes in empire. got land rights, payment and status

qing imperial exam

governmental entrance exam based on confucianism. used in past chinese dynasties

Confucian Bureaucracy

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius importance of 5 relationships, filial piety, etc. ratio was 1 manchu: 1 chinese official. chinese officials couldn't rise up

court of colonial affairs

sub government that ruled over conquered territories in China. mostly ruled by muslims, mongols and buddhists

centralization of power - french

louis XIV used fashion to keep nobles close to him. they would pay for new fashion. rent was placed in versailles palace = more $. kept nobles close to him to they couldn't rebel.

ottoman tax farming

The state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder, who then collected the state taxes and made payments in fixed installments, keeping a part of the tax revenue for his own use.

jizya tax

tax on non-muslims to practice their religion

zakat tax

A tax that Muslims payed as charity for the needy

zamindar

land owners/regional nobility collected taxes in mughal empire. mostly bc of 80% hindu pop. had to appeal

yasak collection - russia

tribute paid in cash or trade. collected furs from siberians. christians exempted from tax to encourage conversion

silver tax code - qing

used silver as tax collection. farmers had to have successful harvest. tax system based on income. no tax for buddhists --\> religious legitimacy

safavid tax farming

taxes paid in cash or tribute. later, large silver inflation made it hard for peasants to pay taxes --\> weak gov --\> fall of empire in late 18th cen.

temple of heaven

temple used by manchu rulers, ming ritual, showed manchu assimilation to china

st. petersburg

found in 1703, peter the I established central court and houses for boyar. symbol of westernized russia

Ott imperial mosques

built by ottoman royal family to show ottomans as protectors of islam/muslims

Mughal mosques and mausolea

taj mahal - one of great wonders of the world.

tomb of akbar - both arabic/hindu writing --> showed his accomodation of both cultures

shah mosque

important piece of islamic architecture in isfahan, the capital of safavid empire

versailles palace

central place of louis's power, center of french military and government, nobles forced to live there after 1682.

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea. allowed russia into western territory and showed russia as a gunpowder empire

Battle of Chaldiran - 1514

ottomans defeated the safavids due to superior gunpowder weapons like canons. ottomans went to isfahan and took SAF's women, children.

battle of panipat - 1526

mughal Babur's defeat of the Sultan of Delhi 100 kilometers outside the capital; marked the founding of the Mughal Empire in India

conquest of tibet and central asia - 1780

expanded china by almost 1/2. took 80 years. led to the creation of court of colonial affairs.

safavid-mughal war (1649-1653)

fought over modern afghanistan. safavids win and recapture kandahar city

ottoman vs. safavid wars

1623-1639

fought over control of mesopotamia. ottomans won. part of sunni vs. shi'a conflict. otts had superior gunpowder.

mughal vs. maratha confederacy

maratha empire was hindu majority empire at end of indian subcontinent. marathan wars of independence. 1680-1707 until Aurangzeb dies.

divine right of kings (euro only)

the idea that kings got legitimacy from god. monarchy absolutism

mandate of heaven

the divine right to rule given to chinese emperors. allowed for religious legitimacy

Akbar the Great (1542-1605)

known for religious tolerance. doubled size of the empire. removed jizya tax on non-muslims

Mughal Emperor

jahangir

made treaty with british to allow for open ports of trade. led to england taking control of india.

millet system - ottomans

created to accomodate diverse and large empire. allowed religious groups to self govern, except shi'a islam.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

very religiously intolerant. put jizya tax back. was the last mughal emperor, taken over by maratha empire

safavid state-support of shi'a islam

safavids used shi'a muslim scholars to form religious elite. safavids converted iran into shia islam

russian conversion of siberia

those in siberia were forced to convert to russian orthodox christianity or pay tax/have a hard time

qing expansion: treatment of han chinese

allowed into lower parts of government. manchus converted to chinese culture. but still have separation.

protestant reformations

a religious movement from 1517 to 1750 that began as an effort to reform the Catholic Church. led by Martin Luther.

martin luther

wrote 95 theses in 1517 against the catholic church. published bible in german.

context of catholic church up to 1450

faith and good works = get into heaven. pope had bible in latin, not common language. catholic church had unchecked power.

indulgences

A paper that granted pardon from the punishment of sins. around 1 year's wages. a scam by the church for $

things that influence Martin Luther

southernization --\> renaissance and individual thought --\> protestant reformation (my faith, my thoughts, individualism)

effects of protestant reformation

1: individualized faith (sola fide, sola scriptura)

2: end of Christian unity and power of the catholic church

3: religious wars - 30 yr war

4: Global spread of Christianity, new Jesuit missionaries

catholic "counter" reformation

Internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Jesuits were sent out in the world, Americas, Africa, Mid-E, Asia, etc.

Americas was most successful as it followed conquest

conversion in spanish america

native americans assimilated as they also believed that those who won in political conflict could push religion onto the losing side. women lost gender //ism.

conflict following conversion in spanish americas

17-18th cen.

churches destroyed native religions and violently suppressed rebellions.

Taki Unquy 1560s: revivalist movement of local gods

amalgamations of religions

combined christianity with andean religions: women took saint names, used blood offerings, etc. or candles from christianity in local religious rituals

christianity in china

china was politically stable so hard to convert unlike americas. jesuits brought tech and western ideas and were allowed in chinese bureaucracy. few converts as most believed in confucianism, daoism, etc.

reasons for lack of acceptance of christianity in china

missionaries didn't fulfill chinese needs. christians had to let go of chinese culture, and many weren't willing

conflict of christianity in china

idolatry = the worship of another god over your own.

the pope decreed that Chinese culture counted as religious veneration, and so you couldn't be Christian and have Chinese culture. missionaries expelled from china.

cultural traditions changing in afro-asia

african religious ideas spread through slavery to the americas. lots of syncretic religions like vodou in haiti, etc.

sikhism

a religious blend of hinduism and islam. based in conquest and created by hindu leaders to encourage the people to choose hindu over islam.

european renaissance

took inspiration from greek/roman phiosophies, importance of rational thought.

new tech

zheng he's treasure fleets. galleons: euro trade ships

caravels: light iberian ships.

3G motivations

gold, god and glory, gunpowder.

* gold = wealth, trade, spices
* god = conversion, protestant reformation
* glory = power, colonies.

gunpowder = allowed for speed of conquest

prince henry the navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. commissioned for sailors to find path to IOB and prester john (mythical kingdom)

vasco da gama

first euro to IOB. creator of trade fort empire. Goa = malibar black pepper coast.

Christopher Columbus

went to san salvador (where the island of haiti is). first european to reach americas in 1450s-1750s. sponsored by spain. promised to find gold and convert natives

ferdinand magellan

discovered sea route to west indies from pacific ocean --\> pacific ocean trade route. almost sailed all the way round the world.

hernan cortez

spanish conquistador. took aztecs in 1520 bc...

* spread of diseases
* Gunpowder

francisco pizzaro

1533: inca empire ended.

Conquered the Inca

black legend (1492-1550)

time period of horrible things being done to America. ie. gold collecting system: ppl wore name tags to find gold, if came back empty handed --\> cut off hands

great dying (1616-1619)

period of lots of death bc of disease, war, and slavery

columbian exchange

biological swap of new world & old world.

new-old:

* drugs: tobacco, cacao


* lots of plants, and some animals

old-new:

* drugs: coffee, sugarcane


* plants and animals


* diseases: most important, smallpox

hacienda system

government authorized slavery, ppl tied to land similar to serfs

replaced the encomienda system

encomienda system

private owners of estates employed natives. high tax, large debt, low wage, also tied to land. similar to euro peasants

Replaced by the hacienda system

spanish Mi'ta system

originally an incan tribute system. the idea that conquered people had to perform a service for conquerors. used in Mt. potosi and huancavelica

Forced labor of natives in mines and refineries

sociedad de castas

the social class in Spain based on gender and skin color. beginning of race-based society.

top: male Spanish settlers

* peninsulares = born on Iberian peninsula (higher)


* creoles = Spanish born in americas

mid: mestizos

lower: native americans, african americas, POC

catholic activities in americas

spanish society was catholic, authoritarian.

N america was more protestant. focused on education.

mercantilism

An economic policy where countries tried to get power/$ by exploiting other countries. the idea of mother country and colony. trying to get as much $ from colonies

social in spanish colonies

women were often treated as war prizes during conquest. had to marry spaniards for power.

sugar colonies

brazil and caribbean. needed lots of labor --\> 80% of enslaved people from africa going to those places. very dangerous and taxing working conditions.

slavery in americas

mostly due to the demand of cash crops. racism began as POC were seen as bottom of social structure to justify exploitation.

trade fort empire

coastal cities that european powers took to keep trade posts and trade in IOB

cartaz system

a tax/permit needed to trade in IOB placed by Portuguese.

Ensured:


1. safe passage
2. had to boycott certain ports
3. trade only specific items

allowed Portuguese to privatize IOB and monopolize black pepper

portuguese ports in IOB

Malacca, Hormuz, Aden (partially blocked bc ottomans also fought back)

malabar coast

the SW coast of india. the only place in the world that grew black pepper. monopolized by portuguese first, then british.

black pepper trade

portugal monopolized black pepper to sell for higher prices in Euro

changes portugal made in IOB trade

global connectivity via trade routes


1. Atlantic trade system


2. pacific trade system


3. 1540: Spain finds silver mine.

modeled conquest for future euro countries

continuities of trade during the period

persistent fixation on chinese luxury goods, trade continued regionally done by local merchants

joint stock co.

A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits. operated under royal charter.

british joint-stock co.

trade diplomacy first. offered military support to natives for trade. ie. India - Jahangir and mughal empire

7 year war (1756-1763)

fought in the Americas, India, and Europe.

wanted India bc of its agricultural fertility. brits won --> sighed treaty with Mughal emperor.

gave brits zamindar rights --> Britain eventually colonized Indian subcontinent

english colonies vs. hispanic colonies

spain put strong importance on spreading christianity. english focused more on literature and education. brits allowed for more self governance. however, S american colonies were generally richer with their cash crops

dutch joint stock companies

semi-private investment. shared profit and risk. often sponsored by nobility, royalty or even the crown itself.

British east india co.

created in 1600

Dutch East India Co. (VOC)

created in 1602.

2 bases: Jakarta, China. natural monopoly of nutmeg.

dutch strategy:


1. conquer + find allies
2. Use the military to destabilize


3. turn on allies

Amsterdam Stock Exchange (1602)

ppl could invest in diff. co. or specific things like nutmeg

dutch gov. connected directly to stock exchange

tokogama closing country edicts (1603)

closed japan from foreigners, banned japanese from leaving, banned ppl from entering.

qing emperor kangxi

pushed jesuits out of china. closed china off from all westerners, except some ports like canton to give china a monopoly

pueblo revolts (1680)

an effective revolt in New Mexico against Spanish conquistadors because of oppression. pueblo natives banned together with other natives to defeat the Spanish, had peace for 12 yrs.

1692:

Spanish came back, and syncretism happened

defiance on the middle passage

enslaved africans sometimes commited suicide or tried to stage revolts during travel between africa to americas. some were succesful, but most were brutally suppressed.

queen anna nzinga

ruled over ndongo and matamba. fought against portuguese and expanding slave trade

Stono Rebellion (1739)

slave revolt in S carolina. unsuccessful, as lawmakers pushed a harder slave code.

maroon societies

large groups of africans who escaped to secluded regions to form slave communities. later example seen in haiti.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

trading of enslaved peoples from africa to americas for labor. millions died in middle passage. lots of torture during the passage too.

Chattle Slavery

intergenerational slavery where humans were treated as property

royal africa co. (1672)

traded in africa. maintained a monopoly on slaves