Hybridization

What is sp3 hybridization and what geometry does it produce? (2 bullet points)

• When 1 s orbital mixes with 3 p orbitals to form 4 sp3 degenerates.

• Tetrahedral (109.5 degrees)

What is sp2 hybridization and what geometry does it produce? (2 bullet points)

• When 1 s orbital mixes with 2 p orbitals to form 3 sp2 degenerates, leaving 1 unhybridized p orbital.

• Trigonal planar (120 degrees)

What is sp hybridization and what geometry does it produce? (2 bullet points)

• When 1 s orbital mixes with 1 p orbital to form 2 sp degenerates, leaving 2 unhybridized p orbitals.

• Linear (180 degrees)

How are sigma bonds formed?

Head-on overlaps of hybrid orbitals (sp3, sp2, sp, or s-orbitals)

How are pi bonds formed?

Sideways overlap of unhybridized p orbitals

No. of sigma bonds and pi bonds in Carbon-Carbon single bond?

1 sigma + 0 pi

No. of sigma bonds and pi bonds in Carbon-Carbon double bond?

1 sigma + 1 pi

No. of sigma bonds and pi bonds in Carbon-Carbon triple bond?

1 sigma + 2 pi