ch 11-18 organizational behavior

top 3 leadership compentencies

1. Be a good coach

2. Empower your team and don't micromanage

3. Express interest in team members' success and personal well-being

leadership

The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

trait theories of leadership

Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders. Leaders are born, not made.

1. Big 5 personality traits

2. Emotional intelligence

main Big 5 predictive trait of leadership

Extraversion

behavioral theories of leadership

Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-leaders. Leaders can be trained.

1. Ohio State

2. University of Michigan

2. GLOBE Study

initiating structure

The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment

consideration

The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates' ideas, and regard for their feelings

employee-oriented leader

A leader who emphasizes interpersonal interest in the needs of employees and accepts individual differences among members

production-oriented leader

A leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job

Fiedler contingency model

The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. Leadership is fixed.

least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire

An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task or relationship oriented

leader-member relations

The degree of confidence, trust and respect subordinates have in their leader

task structure

The degree to which job assignments are procedurized

position power

Influence derived from one's formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hre, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases

situational leadership theory (SLT)

A contingency theory that focuses on follower's readiness.

1. unable and unwilling- leader needs to give specific instructions

2. unable and willing- leader needs to show high task orientation to compensate for employee lack of ability.

3. able and unwilling- leader needs to use a supportive and participatory style.

4. able and willing - leader not needed much

path-goal theory

Rober House's theory that states that it is the leader's job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Leadership style can change.

leader-participation model

A leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations

leader-member exchange (LMX) theory

A theory that supports leader's creation of in-groups; subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction

charismatic leadership theory

A leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors

key characteristics of a charismatic leader (

1. Vision and Articulation

2. Personal Risk

3. Sensitivity to follower needs

4. Unconventional behavior

ways charismatic leaders influence followers (2)

1. Vision-A long-term strategy for attaining a goal or goals

2. Vision Statement-A formal articulation of an organization's vision or mission

transactional leaders

Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements

transformational leaders

Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers

authentic leaders

Leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers would consider them to be ethical people

socialized charismatic leadership

A leadership concept that states that leaders convey values that are other centered versus self centered and who role-model ethical conduct

servant leadership

A leadership style marked by going beyond the leader's own self-interest and instead focusing on opportunities to help followers grow and develop

trust

A positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically

mentor

A senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, called a protege

substitutes

Attributes, such as experience and training, that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure

neutralizers

Attributes that make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes

Identification-Based Trust

Trust based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of each other's wants and desires

Laissez-Faire Leadership

Management by Exception

Ohio State Study

A behavioral theory of leadership that found 2 behaviors accounted for most leadership qualities:

1. initiating structure

2. consideration.

University of Michigan Study

A behavioral theory of leadership that found 2 behaviors accounting for leadership qualities:

1. employee-oriented leader

2. production oriented leader

contingency dimensions in Fiedler model (3)

1. leader-member relations

2. task structure

3. position power

task oriented leaders

perform better in situations of high and low control (Fiedler contingency model)

relationship oriented leaders

perform better in situations of moderate control (Fiedler contingency model)

directive leadership

Yields greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous. Perceived as redundant when employees are highly skilled or have considerable experience. (path-goal)

supportive leadership

Results in high performance and satisfaction when tasks are highly structured. (path-goal)

GLOBE Study

Behavioral theory of leadership that suggests there are international differences in preference for initiating structure and consideration.

However commonalities: charismatic/transformational leaders are accepted.

supports contingency approach as well.

4 contingency theories of leadership

1. Fiedler's contingency model

2. situational leadership theory

3. path-goal

4. leader-participant

attribution theory of leadership

leadership theory that says that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals.

What is the communication process?

(sender)

message to be sent

encoding message

CHANNEL

(receiver)

message received

message decoding

feedback

The sender takes the message to be sent and encodes it either through verbal or written methods. The message is passed through the determined channel, and then it is handed off to the receiver who receives the message and decodes it. The process is hindered by noise or communication barriers such as the perceived message. Feedback is the check on how successful the sender was in passing the correct message to the receiver.

What are the two channels of communication?

formal and informal

What is formal communication?

path follows the authority chain

messages relate to professional activities

What is informal communication?

spontaneous channels from individual choice

messages often personal or social

What are the three directions of communication?

upward

lateral

downward

What is upward communication?

manager to executive

What is lateral communication?

manager to manager

What is downward communication?

manager to employee

What are the three forms of interpersonal communication?

oral

written

nonverbal

What are the advantages of oral communication?

speed

feedback

simple to correct

What are the disadvantages of oral communication?

potential for distorted message when passed through a number of people

What are the advantages of written communication?

provide a tangible and verifiable record

record can be stored for an indefinite period of time

physically available for later reference

more likely to be well throughout logical and clear

What are the disadvantages of written communication?

time consuming

lack of feedback

may not be read

What does nonverbal communication body language convey?

the extent to affinity for another

the relative perceived status between sender and receiver

What causes nonverbal communication to change?

intonation

facial expression

physical distance

What are the three types of formal small group networks?

chain

wheel

all channel

What are the barriers to effective communication?

filtering

selective perception

information overload

emotions

language

silence

communication apprehension

lying

What causes the grapevine to occur?

situation is important

ambiguity exists

situation causes anxiety

What are the three characteristics of the grapevine?

1. not controlled by management

2. perceived as being more believable and reliable

3. largely used to serve self interest of those willing to communicate

What are the types of electronic communication?

email

instant and text messaging

social networking

blogs

twitter

video conferencing

What are cross cultural communication barriers?

semantics

word connotations

tone differences

differences in perception

What are semantics?

words mean different things to different people

What are word connotations?

words imply different things in different languages

What are tone differences?

in some cultures tone changes depending on context

What are the differences in perception?

different world views

What are the two types of cultural context?

high context culture

low context culture

What is the guide to knowing different cultures?

assume difference until similarity is proved

emphasize description rather than interpretation or evaluation

practice empathy

treat your interpretation as a working hypothesis

What are email limitations?

easy to misinterpret

should not be used for negative messages

overused and overwhelms

people are emotionally uninhibited

privacy concerns

What can you do to increase productivity?

limiting information