FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE (MICR 401)
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FlashcardsMicrobes associated with sea-ice are likely to be…
psychrophilic
In a sympagic environment, water exists mainly as a…
solid - ice
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107 Terms
Microbes associated with sea-ice are likely to be…
psychrophilic
In a sympagic environment, water exists mainly as a…
solid - ice
Sympagic
ice-associated
The two major types of sea-ice are…
fast and pack
You can collect a sediment sample with…
a piston corer
Deep in sediments you may find…
methanogenic Archaea
A microbiological consideration in sediment sampling is…
A. not contaminating the sample
B. maintaining sediment structure
C. not exposing cells and chemistry to the air
D. processing samples in a controlled atmosphere
E. All of the above
Sediments in the deep sea are usually anoxic below…
5 mm
You see curved-rod shape cells. Which term describes this shape?
Vibrio
Bacterial Cell Shapes
spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals (spirilla), curved rods (vibrio)
unusual: star, box, poly/pleomorphic
Where would you expect to see peritrichous flagella?
All over a bacterial cell's surface
types of bacterial flagella
monotrichous
amphitrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
All marine bacteria contain…
16S ribosomes
You Gram stain a pure culture of Bacteria cells. All cells appear blue. The cells are…
Gram positive
The Archaea cytoplasmic membrane contains…
isoprenoids linked to L-glycerol via ether linkages
A biomarker for members of the domain Bacteria is…
peptidoglycan
A biomarker for Gram negative Bacteria is…
LPS
Where are proteins made in bacterial cells?
In ribosomes
Which of these has been used to define oligotrophy?
A. Presence or absence of xenobiotics
B. Concentration of phosphorus
C. Presence or absence of viruses
D. Amount of ultraviolet radiation
E. Concentration of radioactive elements
Redfield defined the ratio of X:X:X in seawater. What is X:X:X
C:N:P (usually 106:16:1)
"A physiological state resulting from an insufficient amount of nutrients, especially energy, to permit growth (i.e., increase in cell size) and/or reproduction" describes…
starvation-survival
A response to insufficient nutrients may be…
spore formation
bacteria cells divide
little or no competition between species
a decrease in levels of DNA, RNA and some proteins
Bacteria that need organic carbon for growth are…
heterotrophic
The surface area to volume ratio of small cells is that of large cells.
Greater than…
Using different conditions to grow different microbes from the same sample was developed by…
the Delft School
The enrichment technique…
uses a specific medium or condition to favor the growth of particular microbes
What are peptones?
water-soluble derivatives of proteins partly hydrolyzed by an acid or enzyme
Marine photoautotrophic bacteria require…
DIC
light
water
inorganic nutrients
Agar shake tubes may not be appropriate for cultivating marine bacteria because…
the temperature may be too high
In genes such as 5S, 16S, 18S, 23S, who is the 'S' named after?
Svedberg
A restriction site is…
a nucleotide sequence in DNA which may be targeted and 'cut' by a specific enzyme
Which procedure calculates species richness for a given number of sampled individuals?
Rarefaction
A disadvantage of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) is…
short fragments are not reliable in assigning a sequence to a species
Which gene do we usually sequence to assign an Archaea or Bacteria to a taxonomic group?
16S rRNA
Who coined the terms 'Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya" in the 20th century?
Woese and colleagues
Approximately how many bacteria species have been formally described?
19,000
Name a phylum in the Archaea
Euryarchaeota (7150 spp, diverse)
Korarchaeota (Thermophiles, vents/springs)
Crenarchaeota (marine vents, terrestrial springs)
Nanoarchaeota (1 spp, marine vents)
Geoarchaeota (Yellowstone, 2013)
Lokiarchaeota (arctic marine sediment near vent)
many known only by DNA
many known only by DNA
Oligonucleotides are…
short chains of nucleotides (up to 20 nucleotides)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) enables…
detection of single microbial cells through use of specific probes
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures…
do not require cultivation of cells
require permeable cells
do not require PCR (polymerase chain reactions)
do not require that DNA be extracted from cells
Organisms that convert inorganic nutrients to organic compounds in the absence of light are…
chemoautotrophic
Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is…
energy in solar radiation between 400 and 700 nm
Albedo is…
the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface
Liebig's law refers to…
growth is dictated not by total resources available, but by the scarcest resource
Rates of primary production are generally considered lowest in/on…
gyres
A unit used to describe the amount of PAR is…
microE/sq. m/second
Bottom up control is…
how nutrient availability may control primary production
New production is…
that based on N in NO3 from upwelling, and from N2-fixation
A Profiling Natural Fluorometer System measures…
chlorophyll fluorescence emitted under ambient light conditions
Substrates used in tracer methods to measure primary production are…
radioactively labeled
Regenerated production is that based on…
N in ammonium or urea
The attenuation of light in seawater refers to…
absorption or scattering of light by water and materials in water
The term 'diel' refers to
a period of 24 hours
What has been used to stain nucleic acids in bacteria?
acridine orange
Which nucleotide is not found in DNA?
Uracil
Bacterial cell structure
slime layer, capsule, or extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)
As depth and pressure increase, the boiling point of seawater…
increases
Water temperature in the deep sea, away from hydrothermal vents, is typically…
2-4ºC
CFCs are [……] tracers of water masses. [Which word is missing?]
xenobiotic
The most abundant dissolved elements in seawater are
Na, Cl
Dissolved oxygen (O2) in the deep sea comes from…
the euphotic zone
A micronutrient that may limit phytoplankton growth in the open ocean is…
iron
Halophilic bacteria require…
sodium chloride
The mean depth of the ocean is said to be…
3711 m
This ocean is not described as a gyre…
Southern Ocean
The term 'high latitudes' refers to…
polar regions above 60°S and 60°N
The amount of an element in the ocean divided by its rate of removal or addition refers to…
the element's residence time in the ocean
In marine microbiology, what is DIC?
Dissolved inorganic carbon
The solubility pump moves…
inorganic carbon from the euphotic zone
The surface layer of water at almost uniform temperature and salinity is…
the mixed layer
The three major layers of an open ocean water column are…
surface, intermediate, deep
Which two factors affect the density of seawater?
Temperature and salinity
The Coriolis effect describes…
how Earth's rotation causes winds and moving objects to curve over the surface
Who proposed the azoic theory in 1843?
Edward Forbes
The term describing the role of microbes in nutrient cycling in the ocean is…
the Microbial Loop
The three domains of life found in the ocean are…
Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya
Which set of terms is in the correct order of size, from smallest (left) to largest (right)?
Femtoplankton, Picoplankton, Nanoplankton, Microplankton
The term 'neuston' refers to what?
The upper 1000 microns of the ocean's surface
By which mechanism(s) does carbon leave the euphotic zone?
A. The biological pump
B. Passive export
C. The solubility pump
D. Active export
E. All of the above
Bacteria in this genus are considered the most abundant cells on Earth…
Prochlorococcus
In which marine habitat would you expect to find thermophilic bacteria?
Hydrothermal vents
Individuals of this group dominate microbial biomass in the deep sea
Archaea
Which of these is produced by Archaea in marine sediments?
Methane
Which organisms in the ocean characteristically contain calcium carbonate?
Coccolithophores
The deepest sediments are found…
on continental shelves near the mouths of major rivers
This device can collect seawater from a depth of 1000 m…
A Go-Flo
Which of these collects a water sample?
A. ATE sampler
B. Nansen bottle
C. Van Dorn bottle
D. Niskin bottle
E. All of the above
Cells in a biofilm may produce EPS. What is EPS?
Extracellular polymeric substance
'Fluvial' refers to processes related to…
rivers
Which of these terms can be used when referring to sediments?
A. Terrigenous
B. Lithogenous
C. Pelagic
D. Biogenic
E. All of the above
Which of these may be used to sample the neuston?
A. Rotating drum
B. Screen sampler
C. Paper sheet
D. Glass plate
E. All of the above
The Neutrally Buoyant Sediment Trap (NBST) is designed to catch…
particles
Microbes consistently exposed to high levels of UV radiation might…
have a high GC content in their DNA
Which of these defines the plankton
Weakly motile or non-motile organisms in the water column whose movement largely depends on currents
Mycoplankton refers to…
fungi and yeasts in the water column
What would characterize a point 100 m below the surface of sediments in the open ocean?
No dissolved oxygen
Hydrothermal vents are found…
A. on mid-ocean ridges, hot-spots, subduction zones
B. off the coast of Hawai'i
C. on the Juan de Fuca Ridge
D. on the mid-Atlantic Ridge
E. All of the above
Cold seeps are characterized by…
high methane and sulfide concentrations
The maximum known growth temperature for life is…
100ºC (thermophilic archaea)