socialisation

socialisation

life long process that teachers individuals the norms and values of society, provides some grounding for individuals

resocialisation and examples

learning of appropriate new norms and values to fit the change in environment such as prisons, schools, military, hospitals

what does jenkins argue about socialisation

it is where identity is formed through learning culture and about other individuals to generate an image of self and therefore an identity

primary socialisation

socialisation during early years of childhood, usually by parents, pre schools and playgroups

what sociologists spoke about primary socialisation

Parsons, spoke about how primary socialisation teachers children norms and values of society and begin to belong

secondary socialisation

any form of socialisation that takes place beyond the family and close community, has greater influence on people as they grow older

what agencies may influence secondary socialisation

peer groups, education, media, work, religion

how can education contribute towards secondary socialisation

overt and hidden curriculum teach subjects and norms, Durkheim’s (society in minature) and Parsons (Universalistic values), school subcultures influence mindsets, marxists argue the reproduction and legitimisation of the working class

how can peer groups contribute towards secondary socialisation

pressure to conform and fit in with others can promote conformity with wider society or with wider subcultures, most influential in youth

how can work contribute towards secondary socialisation

have to promote values such as time, efficiency, talking to new people, obeying managers etc

how can media contribute towards secondary socialisation.

sources of information and spreads images of trends eg fashion, globalisation means that all societies draw into mass culture that can influences someones identity, can also make people passive consumers and regard themselves as lower class

how can religion contribute towards secondary socialisation.

teachers people right and wrong in relation to their chosen religion, can be a form of althussers ideological state apparatus, can build a collective identity and maintain traditions, gives peoples stability when needed

what do functionalists generally say about socialisation in forming culture and identity

see socialisation as the glue that promotes value consensus and social order, argue that children are a blank slate and that socialisation provides the basis for their existence

evaluate the functionalist view on socialisation

norms and values that are taught may not always be positive, individuals may be more influential than macro level institutions

what do marxists generally say about socialisation in forming culture and identity

socialisation is necessary to adopt human culture yet it is a form of social control, the culture is that of the dominant class and everyone is socialised into accepting the class divide, Althusser argues ideological state apparatuses

what marxist spoke about the involvement of the family in socialisation and what did they say

zaretsky- family is used by the capitalist class to install capitalist values early on in socialisation

evaluate the marxist view on socialisation

ignores the fact that people have free will and can reject the norms and values, ignores the r more influential processes such as patriarchy, neo-marxists argue for multiple cultures (subcultures) rather influencing people than one mass dominant culture

what do feminsist generally say about socialisation in forming culture and identity

agencies of socialisation reinforce and reproduce patriarchy and prevents social change

what does oakley say about socialisation

primary socialisation exists to create gender roles through four key mechanisms - manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations and activity exposure which all have ties to hegemonic gendered roles

evaluate the feminist view on socialisation

oakleys research is outdated and modern institutions promote gendered diversity, the factors such as class and marx views may be more influential, some people may resist

what do interactionists generally say about socialisation in forming culture and identity

socialisation is through individual interaction rather than on a mass scale through institutions

who argued the looking glass self and what does it mean

interactionist cooley- describes that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us in the view of others, we modify our behaviour based on how our image is reflected back to us, our identity is therefore a social construction

who argued impression management and what does it mean

interactionist goffman, we present ourselves to others depending on how we want them to react and think of us, like performers, usually use symbols to manage impressions

what examples did goffman use for symbols that are involved in impression management

language and wording, styles of clothing, jewellery, choice in consumer goods, music taste, choice in media and technology, body modifications, leisure activities

how can impression management be significant in shaping stigmatised identities

those with stigmatised identities may attempt to reject certain characteristics that are associated with their identity to manage their impression from others, may do this front stage but not backstage

how can impression management link to spoiled identities

those that cannot appropriately manage their identity to others when they possess a stigmatised one (ie disabled, attracted to children) can then have a spoiled identity as they are rejected from society

evaluate social action (interactionist) views on socialisation

not enough emphasis on the inequalities within society that can differ socialisation, people are limited by society to completely choose what identity they want to have eg jobs, money etc

structuration

idea that structural theories and social action theories can come tougher in explaining identity and socialisation

who developed structuration and how does it relate to socialisation

giddens, recognises that institutions provide the tools to establish an identity and a cultural basis, individuals then use this framework to generate their identity and therefore the two aspects are interdependent

reflexive self including sociologist

giddens- identity of individuals is formed and developed as people reflect on their experiences of society whether it be how institutions raise them or how they interact with others

what does giddens say about the identity story

identity is an ever changing concept that is continuously evolving as we interact with new people and reflect on our past and present