IGCSE Chemistry Review Flashcards

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts in IGCSE Chemistry, focusing on electrolysis, chemical processes, properties of substances, and equilibrium.

What is electrolysis?

An electric current is passed through a molten ionic compound, causing it to decompose.

What is the purpose of the anode in electrolysis?

The anode is where oxidation occurs.

What happens at the cathode during electrolysis?

Reduction occurs and positive ions gain electrons.

What does OH- ions produce during electrolysis of water when dilute?

When dilute, OH- ions are oxidized to produce oxygen gas.

What must electrodes be made of during electrolysis?

Electrodes must be made of inert metals.

What gas is produced at the anode when bromide ions are oxidized?

Bromine gas (Br2) is produced, which is brown and may bubble.

What type of metal can be extracted using electrolysis?

Metals that are above carbon in the reactivity series.

What is the general reaction that occurs in a blast furnace to produce iron?

Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.

What is the effect of limestone in the extraction of iron?

Limestone removes impurities from the iron ore.

What are the conditions needed for the Haber process to synthesize ammonia?

High pressure and moderate temperature.

What is a characteristic property of acidic oxides?

They react with bases to form salt and water.

How do neutral oxides behave in reactions?

They do not react with either acids or bases.

What does an amphoteric oxide do?

It can react with both acids and bases.

How do you test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas?

Bubble it through limewater, which turns milky.

What is Avogadro's number?

6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

Define exothermic reaction in terms of energy.

An exothermic reaction is one where energy is released to the surroundings.

What happens to equilibrium in a reversible reaction when the concentration of reactants is increased?

The equilibrium shifts towards the products to counteract the change.

What is the relationship between temperature and the reaction rate?

Increasing the temperature generally increases the rate of reaction.

What does Le Chatelier's Principle state?

If a change is made to a system at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will shift to oppose that change.

How is a polymer formed?

By the repeated combination of monomers through polymerization.

What is esterification?

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester.

What defines an alkene?

An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.