BCHS AP HUG Flashcards- All Units

These are all the vocab flashcards we had for Mr.A's class. The definitions are all directly from the textbook, so do with that information what you will :3

Map

A 2d representation of a geographical area

Cartographer

A person who makes maps

Data Aggregation

The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information

Spatial Perspective

A geological outlook that identifies and explains the usage of space

Spatial Patterns

The placement or arrangement of objects on the earth’s surface

Time-Distance Decay 

A concept that suggests things near each other are more related than things further away from each other and the interactions between two places decreases the further away they are from each other

Map Symbols

A graphic element of the map that helps organize information

Legend 

Something on the map that explains the map symbols and colors

Compass Rose 

A component of the map that shows it’s orientation and the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west)

Absolute Direction 

corresponds to the direction of a compass: north, south, east, and west, as well as the combination directions like northeast and southwest.

Map Scale 

explains how the distance on the map relates to the distance on the actual space

Scale

the territorial extent of a an object or idea (or referring to how maps “zoom in” and “zoom out” there are many kinds of map scales)

Absolute Distance 

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length

Relative DIstance 

A measure for the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between two places despite their absolute distance (two places could be close in actual difference but far in economic levels)

Relative Direction 

A direction that can be described as a position like in front or behind

Elevation

The distance above sea level

Isoline

A line on a map that links different places that share a common/equal value (like elevation)

Topographic Map  

A graphic representation of the three dimensional arrangement of the Earth’s surface

Reference Map 

One of the two general types of maps. These maps normally emphasizes locations

Thematic Map 

One of the two general types of maps. These maps emphasize spatial patterns.

Choropleth Map

A map that shows aggregated data on specific geographic areas. Normally for politics

Cartogram

A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area to show the size of a variable (like birth rate or unemployment)

Proportional/Graduated Circle Map 

A map that uses symbols (like circles or dots) to represent numerical values

Dot Density/Distribution Map 

A map that uses dots to account for objects or counts (it could have a one to one ratio or one to many ratio)

Map Projection 

represent’s the earth’s surface, or a celestial sphere on a plane

Mercator Projection 

This projection is used in the standard map. It distorts areas the further they get away from the equator. It is great for navigation because the connecting points of the lines show true compass direction)

Peters Projection 

A projection that shows the true area of each region but it distorts their shapes

Goode Homolosine Projection

A map projection that avoids shape distortion and the limits of having a rectangular map by having “interruptions” In each section, areas are shown equally. The map is similar to peeling a orange peel and laying it flat

Polar Projection

A projection that looks down at the earth from either the north or south pole. Masses closer to the poles will look larger while masses further away from them look smaller.

Robinson Projection

A projection that aims to create the most visually appealing representation of the earth by minimizing all kinds of distortions.

Census

an official count or survey of the populations. records details like age, sex, and race

Fieldwork

learning and doing research involving firsthand experience, which takes place outside a classroom setting

Absolute Location 

precise location on the earth’s surface

Latitude

horizontal lines parallel to the equator. degree north or south

Longitude

vertical lines parallel to the prime meridian. Degree east or west

Prime Meridian 

Greenwich England (0 degrees longitude)

Global Position System (GPS) 

satellites that orbit earth and send radio signals to give your precise location

Geographic Information System (GIS) 

a software app for capturing storing checking and dispaying data related to positions on the earth’s surface. it allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem solving and research

Remote Sensing 

the scanning of earth by satellite or a high flying aircraft in order to learn more about it

Aerial Photography 

remote sensing photography that produces high res images that are very detailed

Satellite Imagery

images gathered from satellites via the electromagnetic spectrum

Relative Location 

Space 

Cultural Landscape

Time-Space Compression 

Anthropocene

period of time during which human activities have impacted the environment enough to constitute a distinct geological change

Demography

The study of population characteristics

Population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

Eurasia

A massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10% of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for almost 60% of humanity

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

Population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified 4 population clusters on earth: South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Europe

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents

Megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents

developed (or industrialized) country (MDC)

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing (or industrializing) countries (LDC)

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Snow belt

States located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country

Sunbelt

States in coastal areas and south and southwest of the us

mean center of population

A geographical point that represents the average location of the population. This center point can be calculated on a country-wide, state-wide, or county-wide level.

arithmetic (crude) density

The average number of people per unit of land (normally square mile/kilometer)

population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (square mile or kilometer) of arable land

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or the Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

human well-being

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

population composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

age structure

Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each working-age people (ages 15-64 years) must support

youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 year of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

generations

Groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

Baby Boomers

People born from 1946-1954 during the post-world war II uptick in birth rate

Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and who are now in their prime working years

Generation Y

People born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials

Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century (people born between 2001 and 2012)

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

infanticide

The practice of killing infants

population pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

demographic equation

The method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year)

crude birth rate

(CBR) the average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring births

low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

A crude birth rate between 20 and 30 births per 1000

high birth rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be 15 to 49 years of age

replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

Gender roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or a woman

crude death rate (CDR)

(CDR Or Mortality rate) The number of deathes per year per 1000 people

infant mortality rate

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

rate of natural increase

Thew difference between the number of births and deaths in a givern year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase (RIN) is zero

doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RIN)

demographic transition model (DTM)

How crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) and crude death rate as well as the resulting of natural increase change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

epidemiology

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle

epidemiological transition theory

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

degenerative diseases

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either '“of or relating to Malthus’s theory” or a “follower of Malthus”

overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply