everything

functions of the cardiovascular system

transporting substances around the body

controlling body temperature

protecting the body

aorta

oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the rest of the body

right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood

right ventricle

contains deoxygenated blood

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood

left ventricle

contains oxygenated blood

venacava

returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the rest of the body

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

returns oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

bicuspid valve

prevents blood flowing back into the left atrium

tricuspid valve

prevents blood flowing back into the right atrium

semilunar valves

prevents blood flowing back into the heart

septum

the wall dividn the left and right sides of the heart

pulmonary circuit

transportation of blood between the heart and lungs

systemic circuit

transportation of blood between the heart and rest of the body

double circulatory system

pulmonary and systemic circuits

heart rate

number of beats per minute

stroke volume

volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle of the heart per beat

cardiac output

volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle of the heart per minute

arteries

carries blood away from the heart

veins

carries blood towards the heart

capillaries

carries blood to the body to exchange gases and nutrients

cardiac output formula

stroke volume x heart rate

arteries features

thick outer wall

narrow lumen

high pressure

veins features

thin outer wall

wide lumen

low pressure

have valves

capillaries features

walls one cell thick

large surface area

white blood cells

fight off infections to keep the body healthy

red blood cells

transport gases and nutrients

diastole

heart relaxes and fills with blood

systole

heart contracts and empties

sphincter muscles

open and close capillaries

vasodilation

blood vessels widen to lose heat

vasconstriction

blood vessels close to prevent heat loss

principles of training

specificity

progression

overload

reversibility

specificity

training should be specific to the sport and person

progression

gradually increasing the level of training

overload

training should work the body harder than normal

reversibility

an improvement or gain can be lost when training is stopped

frequency

how often training takes place

intensity

how hard training is

time

how long the training session lasts

type

what methods of training are used

training programmes

frequency

intensity

time

type

short term effects on muscular system

increase in muscle temperature

increase in lactic acid

short term effects on respiratory system

increase in breathing rate

increase in tidal volume and minute ventilation

short term effects on cardiovascular system

increase in heart rate

increase in stroke volume and cardiac output

increase in blood supply to muscles

vascular shunting

redistribution of blood to working muscles

long term effects on muscular system

hypertrophy - thickening of muscles

increase in muscular strength

increase in muscular endurance

long term effects on skeletal system

increase in bone density

long term effects on cardiovascular system

increase in heart strength

decrease in resting heart rate

increase in resting stroke volume

increase in maximum cardiac ouput

increase in number of cappilarries and alveoli

long term effects on respiratory system

increase in diaphragm and intercostal muscles strength

decrease in breathing rate

increase in tidal volume and minute ventilation

tricep

extension at the elbow

latissimus dorsi 3

extension adduction rotation at the shoulder

trapezius

extension at the neck

deltiod 4

flexion extension abduction circumduction at the shoulder

hamstring

flexion at the knee

quadricep

extension at the knee

abdominals

flexion at the waist and spine

pectorals 2

adduction flexion at the shoulder

gluteals 2

extension abduction at the hip

gastrocnemius

flexion of the ankle

bicep

flexion at the elbow

agonist

the muscle that contracts to create the movement

antagonist

the muscle that relaxes

fixator

a muscle that acts as a stabiliser and helps the agonist work effectively

agonistic muscle pairs

pairs of muscles that work against eachother

appendicular skeleton

remaining long bones

axial skeleton

central part of the skeleton and is the main source for support

ligaments

bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and stabilise movement

cartilage

designed to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber for the joint

synovial fluid

acts like an oil and lubricates the joint

tendons

attach muscle to bone

joint

where two or more muscles meet

functions of a skeleton (smpps)

shape and support

movement at joints

protection of vital organs

production of blood

storage of minerals

shape and support

to give shape and support to the body giving it posture

movement

providing areas for muscle attachment and also provides a system of levers that help us move

production of blood

red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

protection

to give protection to vital organs

storage of minerals

to store minerals such as phosphorus and calcium

types of synovial joints

hinge

ball and socket

pivot

condyloid

articulating bones

bones that move within a joint

hinge joint

movement in only one plane (one direction)

ball and socket

round head of bone fits into a cup shaped depression

flexion

bending a joint

angle decreases

extension

straightening a joint

angle increases

abduction

movement away from the midline of the bdy

adduction

movement towards the midline of the body

circumduction

where limbs move in a circle

rotation

where limbs turn round its long axis like a screw driver

fulcrum

the joint where the lever pivots

load

resistance against the pull of the muscle

effort

force applied to the muscle

1st class lever

EFL eg. heading a ball

2nd class lever

ELF eg. a pirouette

3rd class lever

FEL eg. bicep curl

mechanical advantage formula

effort arm / resistance arm

mechanical advantage

1st and 2nd class