Microbiology Exam 1 History

Hooke

first to observe cells

van Leeuwenhoek

first to observe living microbes — “wee animalcules”

Redi

experiment with meat and maggots

Needham

argued for spontaneous generation, sterile flask left opened still grew microbes

Spallanzani

sterile broth in a sealed flask did not grow microbes

Pasteur

swan-necked flask, father of microbiology, germ theory

Koch

a specific microbe causes a specific disease, pure culture method

Winogradsky

column with different chemical gradients, “chemolithotropy” (chemical eating)

Beijerinck

“microbial ubiquity” (everything is everywhere, the environment selects), enrichment culture, coined the term “virus”

Kluyver

“biochemical unity” microbes have similar metabolic features

van Niel

mechanism of photosynthesis

Hungate

anaerobic methods, termites & cow rumen

Fleming

discovered penicillin & lysozyme

Griffith

bacterial transformation

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

DNA is what transforms bacteria

Watson & Crick

structure of DNA

Atlas & Bartha

bioremediation

Woese & Fox

archaea

Sanger

DNA sequencing

Mullis

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Pace

studying uncultivated microorganisms from environment

Venter & Smith

first bacteria genome sequenced

Venter

metagenomics & first synthetic life