Chapter 6 Learning Objectives: Noncommunicable Diseases

The burden of noncommunicable diseaseson mortality and morbidity in the United States

noncommunicable disases are the majority of causes of mortality and morbidity, in addition to mental health and depression

criteria for a screening program

the disease has to produce substantial death/disability, early detection is possible and improves outcome, there is a feasible testing strategy for screening, screening is acceptible in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance

why are two or more tests are nearly always required to screen for asymotomatic disease?

people who are asymptomatic dont show symptoms for the disease theyre being screened for, only for other diseases; the testing rsults might not be accurate therefore multiple tests need to be administered; we need to consider the pretest and posttest probability of disease; if the sensitiivty and specificity of the test arent both 100%, the test results might not be accurate; we need to consider false posovitve and false negative results.

multiple risk factor reduction

works to reduce more than one risk factor; effective when risk factors cluster in groups of people; useful when the prescence of two or more risk factors increases the risk more than would be expected by addin together the impact of each risk

cost-effective

combines benefits, harms, adn financial costs

net-effectiveness

benefits are greater than harms, even after wighting utility, and tming of harms and benefits

genetic interventions

can lower the number of noncommunicable diseases because theyre focusing on testing individuals who are at a higher risk (abnornality, pharmacogenic, and reproductive testing)

reducing adverse impacts of treatments

encouraging different treatment options, conducting epidemiological research on addicial interventions, and proviing the community with more information about the effects of drugs

combining population and individual interventions

focusing on the consequences of certain behaviors, taxation laws towards certain products, reducing advertisements of certain behaviors, etc.