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atomic radius trends
increase going from TOP to BOTTOM and RIGHT to LEFT
more shielding, less protons (Zeff) to “tighten” the radius.
ionic radius trends
within the same period, anions are always larger than cations.
increase from TOP to BOTTOM (more shielding) and from RIGHT to LEFT (protons)
what is the trend for the isoelectronic series?
as a positive nuclear charge INCREASES, the ionic radius DECREASES.
greater positive charge pull electrons closer to the nucleus.
as negative charge DECREASES, the ionic radius INCREASES.
more negative ions experience electron repulsion, increasing radius.
ionization energy trend (energy required to remove an electron)
increases going from LEFT to RIGHT and from BOTTOM to TOP.
electron affinity trend (energy of gaining an electron)
increases from BOTTOM to TOP (less shielding) and LEFT to RIGHT (closer to the octet)
more exothermic = more energy being released when an electron is added.
electronegativity trends (the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond)
increases from BOTTOM to TOP (less shielding) and LEFT to RIGHT (higher Zeff/more protons)
what are the reactivity trends for Group 1 alkali metals?
high reactivity (increases going DOWN)
this trend can be explained with ionization: lower ionization (less attraction & stability) = easier electron loss = losing single electron = forms a positive ion = more reactivity in water.
what are the reactivity trends for group 17 halogens?
high reactivity going UP
as you go down, there is more shielding, so if you remove a valence electron, there isn’t much of a reaction since there’s less electrostatic attraction.