biology final

energy

ability to do work

thermodynamics

study of flow & transformation of energy

laws of thermodynamic

we have 2 laws of thermodynamics:

1. first law is also called the law of conservation of energy which states that energy cannot be created not destroyed but it can be transferred & transformed

2. second law states that energy cannot be converted (transformed) without the loss of some usable energy

different types of organisms

1. autotrophs

2. heterotrophs

autotrophs

they make their own food

two types:

1. photoautotrophs

2. chemoautotrophs

heterotrophs

they ingest food to obtain energy

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions in a cell

metabolic pathway

a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction

there are two types:

1. catabolic pathways

2. anabolic pathways

catabolic pathways

release energy by breaking down the larger molecules into smaller ones

e.g. cellular respiration

anabolic pathways

use the release energy to form large molecules from smaller ones

e.g. photosynthesis

adenosine triphosphate, what is it? how does it work?

adenosine triphosphate is made up of an adenine base, ribose sugar & three phosphate groups

it’s the most important energy carrier and it’s used for energy transfers

it releases energy when the bond between its second & third phosphate groups is broken, turning it into ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

ATP & ADP can be interchanged by the addition or removal of a single phosphate groups