7.4 presentment and treatment of disease

define immunisation

programming the immune system so that the body can respond rapidly to infecting micro organisms

define vaccination

the artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms so that the ability to produce appropriate antibodies is acquired without the person having to suffer the disease

define vaccine

the antigen preparation used in artificial immunisation

if a vaccination involves the insertion of an antigen of a pathogenic organism, how do they not cause the disease?

it is introduced without the active pathogen for example: the pathogen may be inactivated or dead, or the vaccine may contain an inactivated toxin or only part of the antigen.

what are examples of inactivated vaccines

cholera, typhoid, and whooping cough vaccines

what are examples of diseases immunised by toxoid vaccines

diphtheria and tetanus

what are examples of disease sub-unit vaccines are used for

hpv and hepatitis B

what is recombinant DNA

its being investigated to make vaccines by adding the DNA responsible for the antigen to harmless bacteria. allowing for safer, more effective vaccines to be developed.

why are booster shots needed

to utilise the secondary response to ensure that the levels of antibodies and memory cells are sufficient to protect the body from disease

define herd immunity

a type of group immunity that occurs when such a high proportion of people in a population are immunised, so that those who aren’t Immunised are protected

what does herd immunity ensure

there is a less chance of the disease being transmitted

what are health issue factors to consider with vaccinations

allergic reactions and preservatives (preservatives can affect the nervous system and lead to other health issues)

what are social factors to consider with vaccinations

ethical concerns with using animals to produce vaccines, with using human tissue to produce vaccines, informed consent, testing on animals.
concerns about promoting sexual activity with teenagers
availability, may not be available in all regions

what are cultural factors with vaccination

religious beliefs

what are economic factors with vaccination

cost of vaccine and commercialisation

define antibiotics

drugs used to fight infections of micro-organisms (bacteria)

what are and explain the 2 types of antibiotics

bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria by changing the structure of the cell wall/cell membrane, or by disrupting the action of essential enzymes
bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacteria from reproducing, usually by disrupting protein synthesis

differentiate between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics

broad spectrum: antibiotics that affect. wide range of different types of bacteria
narrow spectrum: effective only against specific types of bacteria

what is multiple drug resistance and how is it caused

when bacteria has become resistant to most or all available types of antibiotics. caused by the overuse of antibiotics

what are antiviral drugs

used to treat viral infections