Week 3 - Body Systems II

Lymphatic system

Approx 3L of fluids are returned by the lymphatic system daily.

• Without this drainage, blood pressure would go dangerously low

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Found surrounding and nearby cappilaries

• Pressure regulated

When there is an excess of extracellular fluid, it pressure lymph valves to open, seeping into lymph vessels

Fluid in lymph vessels (called lymph) travels up back towards the heart to re-enter the bloodstream.

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Situated between lymph capillaries & the heart.

• Filters out foreign bodies within the lymph

• Within these nodes are lymphocytes - macrophages and other white blood cells

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Can be used to track/document progress of disease.

• When lymph nodes filter lymph from infected tissue, the nodes can swell and become hard or tender

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Filters lymph from the head and neck.

Noticeable ailments:

• Glandular fever

• Flu

• Tonsilitis

• etc.

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Filters lymph from the chest, upper limbs, abdomen & back.

Noticeable ailments:

• Infection in drained areas

• Swelling can indicate breast cancer

Lymphatic system

• Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Identifiable lymph nodes

  • Cervical nodes

  • Axillary nodes

  • Inguinal nodes

Filters lymph from the navel, lower limbs & genitalia.

Noticeable ailments:

• STDs

• Genital cancer

• Lower limb skin infections

Respiratory system

Enables breathing to occur with gas exchange.

External respiration - At capillaries & alveoli

Internal respiration - At capillaries & muscles

Organs are there to aid the flow of air - Ventilation

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Mouth and Throat.

Air moves anteriorly in through the larynx and enters the trachea.

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Voicebox

• Voice created by vibrating as air passes the vocal folds

Made of cartilage

Landmark - Thyroid prominence, aka Adam’s Apple

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Airway that is ringed with cartilage.

Pathway continues inferiorly until is bifurcates into primary bronchi.

• Splits at manubrio-sternal joint

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Left primary bronchus runs more horizontal and is narrower compared to right.

• Due to the left lung only supplying air to 2 lobes.

  • The heart sits on the left side of the thoracic cavity, thus left lung is smaller and left bronchus must run above unobstructed

In the event of foriegn matter falling down the trachea, it is more likely to fall down into the slope of the right primary bronchus, than the left horizontal bronchus.

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Left lung is smaller to compensate space for the heart.

Lungs are subdivided into smaller lobes to limit the spread of infection.

• Clefts/cuts/division lines of lobes called fissures

Right lung:

3 lobes. Fissures conjoin on the lateral aspect of the right lung

Left lung:

2 lobes

Listening for individual lobes on a stethoscope:

Respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs - Surface anatomy

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Apex of lungs:

• Superior-ally to the medial third of the clavicle

  • injury can cause a pneumothorax

Base of lungs:

• Found along the mid-clavicular line on the 6th rib

• Found along the mid-axillary line on the 8th rib

front to side to back

6 to 8 to 10

Pseudo-respiratory system

• Nose & nasal cavity

• Pharynx & oral cavity

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Primary bronchi

• Lungs

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

• Diaphragm

Makes up the inferior border of the thoracic cavity.

• Part of the muscular system (skeletal muscle)

There is space present between the bottom of the lungs and the diaphragm.

• Pleural cavity

  • Listened to with stethoscope to see if there is any fluid buildup

front to side to back

8 to 10 to 12

Digestive system

Digests food to provide energy

Digestive system

• Alimentary Canal

• Accessory organs

“Aliment” - Nourishment

Pathway of food from mouth to anus.

1. Mouth

2. Pharynx

3. Oesophagus

4. Stomach

   • Left upper quadrant

5. Small intestine

6. Large intestine

7. Rectum

8. Anus

Digestive system

• Alimentary Canal

  • Small intestine

• Accessory organs

3 segments:

1. Duodenum

   • In contact with the pancreas, which releases ions that neutralise stomach acid

   • Right upper quadrant

2. Jejunum

   • Mobile structure, found in all quadrants

3. Ileum

   • Mobile structure, found in all quadrants

4. Ileocecal valve into the large intestine

Digestive system

• Alimentary Canal

  • Large intestine

• Accessory organs

6 segments:

1. Caecum

   • Right lower quadrant

   • Linkage of appendix

1. Ascending colon

   • Right upper quadrant

2. Transverse colon

   • Travels from right to left upper quadrants

3. Descending colon

   • Left upper and lower quadrants

4. Sigmoid colon

   • Left lower quadrant

5. Rectum

   • Located at the midline of both quadrants

6. Anus

   • Located at the midline of both quadrants

Digestive system

• Alimentary Canal

• Accessory organs

• Teeth

  • Breaks down food

• Tongue

  • Manipulates position of food when swallowing

• Salivary glands

  • Enzymes that break down food

  • Produces saliva to make food slippery so it can be swallowed easily

• Liver

  • Produces bile secreted into the small intestine that helps break down lipids

    • Majority in right upper quadrant, however part is found in the left upper quadrant

• Gallbladder

  • Stores bile

    • Right upper quadrant

• Pancreas

  • In contact with the small intestine (specifically duodenum)

  • Secretes enzymes to aid digestion

  • Secretes ions to balance the acidic pH of chyme exiting the stomach

    • Positioned posterior to the stomach and in the left upper quadrant. Head of the pancreas is found in the right upper quadrant/

Digestive system

• Positioning

Abdomen quadrants:

• Split at navel bellybutton

RUQ = Right Upper Quadrant

Urinary system

Function:

• Filter blood and releases waste as urine

• Pathway:

  1. Kidneys

  2. Ureters

  3. Bladder

  4. Urethra

Male (above):
Female (below):

Difference: Male urethras are longer than female urethras.

Urinary system

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

Filters blood approx 60 times per day

• ~1.8L of urine is produced

• Paired organ

Location:

• Upper left and right quadrants

• Located closer to the posterior aspect of the body & spine

  • Greater chance of collateral injury when back is injured

  • Partially protected by 11th & 12th ribs (floating ribs)

  • Right kidney positioned lower than the left kidney

    • Due to majority of the liver being found above the right kidney in the right upper quadrant

    • Spleen found in the left upper quadrant

Urinary system

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

Originating from the medial aspect of the kidneys

• just lateral to the vertebrae

Extending down to the posterior aspect of the bladder.

Urinary system

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

When full can hold urine in via sphincters in the urethra.

Releases urine into the urethra

Receives urine from ureters

Location:

• Posterior to the pubic symphysis

• Inside the pelvis

Urinary system

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

Releases urine into the external environment.

• Leaves from the inferior aspect of the bladder

• Travels inferior to the pubic symphysis

  Longer in males than females

  • Thus, greater chance of infection reaching the bladder from the external environment in females

Reproductive system

• Produces offspring

• Passes down genetics

  • Gametes (sperm & ova/ovum) cause fertilisation

Ova/ovum: Female

Sperm: Male

However, there can be many variations to this binary notion, such as intersex individuals.

Homologous structures: Although physically structured differently, these structured developed from the same embryological origin, thus have comparable functions

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Both serve to protect delicate genitalia from the external environment

Scrotum:

• Holds subcutaneous (just under skin) tissue

• Holds testicles

Labia majora:

• Protect the female genitalia

• Ensure adequate temperature is maintained

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Both are hairless.

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Further protective structures for underlying glands.

Foreskin:

• Protects the penis & glans of penis

Prepuce:

• Protects clitoris & glans of clitoris

Shape varies between individuals.

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Both contain erectile tissue.

Receives increased blood flow when sexually aroused.

Difference:

• Penis contains the urethra, through which both urine and semen exit

• Clitoris has no opening

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Both contain erectile tissue.

Receives increased blood flow when sexually aroused.

• Both are connected to the pelvis

• Both contain a shaft originating posteriorly, extending anteriorly along the midline

Difference:

• Penis contains the urethra, through which both urine and semen exit

• Clitoris has no opening

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

• Passageway for sexual intercourse

• Where menstrual flow exits

• Where child exits during childbirth

Location:

• POSTERIOR to the urethra

  • However, the vagina extends posteriorly AND superiorly to the bladder, connecting with the CERVIX & UTERUS, which is located SUPERIOR to the bladder.

  • Thus, when a woman is pregnant, the weight of the foetus presses DOWN onto the bladder due to gravity, causing her to be able to hold less urine, and need the toilet more often.

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

‘cervix’ means ‘Neck’

• e.g “cervical vertebrae”

The cervix is the joining between the uterus and the vagina

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Uterus:

Holds the child during pregnancy

Fallopian tubes:

Location of fertilisation and conception

Ductus deferens/vas deferens:

Tubes through with mature sperm travel to reach the penis.

Runs posterior to the bladder, entering the urethra via the prostate.

Reproductive system

• Scrotum/Labia majora

• Spongy urethra/Labia minora

• Foreskin/Prepuce

• Body of penis/Body of clitoris

• Glans of penis/Glans of clitoris

• Vagina

• Cervix

• Uterus

• Fallopian tubes/ductus deferens or vas deferens

• Ovaries/testicles & epididymis

Ovaries:

Contains the lifetime supply of ova.

Testicles:

Contains the lifetime supply of sperm.

Immature sperm matures within the epididymis