Period 0 (10,000 BCE-1200 CE) : APWH Silver

1-8: Ancient Civilizations, 9-15: World Religions, 16-23: Empires

From where did the earliest humans migrate due to climate change and changing ocean levels?

Migrations out of Africa

What were the first human societies (Paleolithic Era)?

Hunter-gatherer bands

What were the long term effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Specialization of labor, Stratification, Population Increase, Technological Innovations, and Administrative Institutions

How did agriculture cause communities to form?

Civilizations develop with their own unique cultures, governments, and religions

Where did foundational civilizations develop during this period?

River Valleys: Tigris & Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Nile (Egypt), Indus (India), Yellow (China)

What was the result of specialization of labor?

Social Stratification (bc of new jobs and classes made)

How were the earliest civilizations administered?

Governments: Based on religion, Introduction of legal codes, Record keeping (Cuneiform & Hieroglyphics)

What was a role of pastoral nomads in the Neolithic period?

Dissemination of new technologies and techniques- composite bows, iron weapons, chariots, domestication of horses

What were some of the earliest major religious beliefs developed?

Aninism, Aryan and Vedic religion which form the basis of Hinduism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism

What new belief systems emerged during the classical era?

Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity

What effect did Hinduism have on the social structure in South Asia?

Hiearchies: Caste System

What did Confucianism seek to promote?

Social harmony through the five relationships

What was the core belief of Daoism?

Balance between humans and nature

What religion formed out of Judaism?

Christianity

How did Islam spread?

Merchants, Missionaries, Military Expansion, Sufis

Which key states arose in East Asia around the time of the Classical Era?

Qin and Han

Which key states rose in the Mediterranean in the Classical Era?

Phoenician city-states, Greek city-states (Hellenistic Empire), Roman Empire, Persian Empire

Which key states rose in South Asia during the Classical Era?

Mauryan & Gupta

How did kings maintain rule in ancient civilizations?

Claim to divine connection, Support of Religious Elites + military/artistocracy, Record Keeping, Legal Codes

What techniques of imperial administration were used in the Classical Era?

Use of religion, Legalism, Centralizaed government bureaucracies, Military power (defensive walls), Economic stability through trade (roads)

What role did imperial cities fill?

Centers of trade, Religious rituals, Political administration

What naturally accompanies trade?

Cultural diffusion: Transfer of goods, ideas, and disease

What caused the decline of the Classical Empires (Rome, GUpta, Han, Persian, Mauryan)?

Decentralization, Internal Problems (weak leaders, financial crises, overextension), External problems (invaders), Environmental Damage (disease, deforestation, desertification, erosion)