Nursing Exam 4

What is the definition of Assessment?

A. Cause or origin of a disease

B. Abnormal tissue or organ damage

C. Systematic collection and evaluation of patient data

D. Open sores on mucosal lining

C. Systemic collection and evaluation of patient data

Etiology refers to:

A. The sequence of disease progression

B. The cause or origin of a disease

C. Severe weight loss due to chronic illness

D. A productive cough

B. The cause or origin of a disease

Pathogenesis is best described as:

A. The cause of a disease

B. The observable clinical signs

C. The sequence of events that lead to disease development

D. A chronic inflammatory condition

C. The sequence of events that lead to disease development

A lesion is defined as:

A. An abnormal dilation of the esophagus

B. Abnormal tissue or organ damage

C. Inflammation of the stomach

D. A high-pitched inspiratory wheeze

B. Abnormal tissue or organ damage

Cachexia refers to:

A. Loss of appetite

B. Severe weight loss and muscle wasting

C. Inability to breathe unless upright

D. Excessive urination

B. Severe weight loss and muscle wasting

Gastritis is:

C. Inflammation of the stomach lining

Hematochezia is:

A. Fresh blood in feces

Melena indicates:

B. Dark, digested blood in feces

Regurgitation differs from vomiting because it is:

A. Caused by parasites

B. Passive expulsion without retching

C. Associated with intestinal bleeding

D. Always linked to esophagitis

B. Passive expulsion without retching

Tenesmus refers to:

A. Painful straining during defecation or urination

B. A productive cough

C. Involuntary diarrhea

D. Difficulty swallowing

A. Painful straining during defecation or urination

Stertor is described as:

B. A loud snoring/snorting sound

Stridor is:

C. High pitched inspiratory wheeze

Dyspnea is:

A. Difficulty breathing with respiratory effort

Hypoxemia refers to

B. Low oxygen in arterial blood

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

B. Thickened heart walls

Systemic hypertension means:

A. Elevated lung pressure

B. Elevated systemic blood pressure

C. Excessive heart contractions

D. Reduced cardiac perfusion

B. Elevated systemic blood pressure

Polyuria means:

A. Excessive thirst

B. Excessive urination

C. Difficulty urinating

D. Blood in urine

B. Excessive urination

Polydipsia refers to:

A. Excessive urination

B. Excessive drinking

C. Inability to swallow

D. Chronic dehydration

B. Excessive drinking

Zoonosis is a disease that:

A. Affects only animals

B. Is spread by insects

C. Transmits between animals and humans

D. Only affects the GI system

C. Transmits between animals and humans

Barrier nursing involves:

A. Isolating wildlife patients

B. Techniques to limit pathogen transmission

C. Administering IV fluids

D. Performing surgical sterilization

B. Techniques to limit pathogen transmission

Radiography uses:

A. Sound waves

B. MRI technology

C. X-rays to visualize structures

D. Radiation therapy

C. X-rays to visualize structures

Ultrasonography uses:

A. Radiation

B. Ultrasound waves to image internal organs

C. Electrical impulses

D. Magnetic fields

B. Ultrasound waves to image internal organs

Which of the following is not one of the Five Freedoms?

A. Freedom from discomfort

B. Freedom from injury or disease

C. Freedom from aging

D. Freedom from fear and distress

C. Freedom from aging

A veterinary nurse supports "freedom from hunger and thirst" by:

A. Reducing stress during handling

B. Providing access to clean water and proper nutrition

C. Using PPE

D. Facilitating natural behaviors

B. Providing access to clean water and proper nutrition

What is the correct order of the four steps in the nursing process?

A. Diagnosis → Evaluation → Planning → Assessment

B. Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning → Implementation/Evaluation

C. Planning → Assessment → Treatment → Diagnosis

D. Implementation → Planning → Assessment → Diagnosis

B. Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning → Implementation/Evaluation

Pathogenesis describes:

A. How a disease develops

B. The cause of the disease

C. The clinical symptoms

D. The structural changes seen in tissues

A. How a disease develops

Clinical signs are:

A. Microscopic structural changes

B. Measurable or observable effects of disease

C. The cause of disease

D. A specific bacterial agent

B. Measurable or observable effects of disease

Lower respiratory disease typically involves which signs?

B. Dyspnea coughing and hypoxia

Common feline cardiovascular disease:

A. Dilated cardiomyopathy

B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

C. Congestive nephropathy

D. Tracheal collapse

B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A common endocrine disease in cats is:

A. Hypothyroidism

B. Hyperthyroidism

C. Cushing's disease

D. Addison's disease

B. Hyperthyroidism

Upper respiratory disease in dogs and cats typically presents with which signs?

B. Sneezing and nasal discharge

Lower respiratory disease involves which structures?

C. Bronchi and lungs

Which of the following is a hallmark sign of lower respiratory disease?

C. Coughing or dyspnea

What does inflammation in the respiratory tract commonly lead to?

B. Swelling, exudate, and airway obstruction

Cardiovascular disease pathogenesis often results in

C. Fluid buildup and decreased perfusion

Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

B. Enlarged, weak heart muscle

Which cardiovascular condition is most common in cats?

A. Dilated cardiomyopathy

B. Congestive heart failure

C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

D. Valvular stenosis

C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Valvular disease involves:

B. Faulty valves causing regurgitation

Congestive heart failure typically results in:

C. Fluid accumulation and coughing

Which of the following is a common cause of digestive disease?

A. High blood pressure

B. Infections, toxins, or dietary indiscretion

C. Arthritis

D. Ear mites

B. Infections, toxins, or dietary indescretion

Hepatobiliary disease often develops due to:

B. Bile flow disruption or tissue inflammation

Pancreatitis falls under which disease category?

B. Digestive

Which of the following is a hepatobiliary disease?

B. Cholangitis

Hepatic lipidosis is best described as

B. Fat accumulation in the liver

A common etiology for urinary disease is

B. Infection, stones, or congenital defects

Urolithiasis refers to:

A. Liver inflammation

B. Stone formation in the urinary tract

C. Excessive drinking

D. High blood glucose

B. Stone formation in the urinary tract

Which endocrine disease is most common in cats?

A. Hypothyroidism

B. Hyperthyroidism

C. Addison's disease

D. Diabetes insipidus

B. Hyperthyroidism

Which endocrine disorder is common in dogs?

A. Hyperthyroidism

B. Hypothyroidism

C. Feline hyperesthesia

D. Addison's disease only

B. Hypothyroidism

Cushing's disease involves:

A. Low cortisol

B. High cortisol

C. High insulin

D. Low T4

B. High cortisol

Immune-mediated diseases occur when:

A. The immune system shuts down completely

B. The immune system attacks self-tissues

C. The body lacks white blood cells

D. The liver stops producing antibodies

B. The immune system attacks self-tissues

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia results from:

A. Viral destruction of red blood cells

B. Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells

C. Bone marrow cancer

D. Poor oxygen intake

B. Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells

Infectious diseases in dogs and cats can be caused by:

A. Only bacteria

B. Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agents

C. Allergies

D. Vitamin deficiency

B. Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic agents

What is the correct pathogenesis of infectious disease?

A. Hormone imbalance → dehydration

B. Pathogen invasion → tissue damage → clinical signs

C. Dehydration → pathogen exposure → fever

D. Bone marrow suppression → infection

B. Pathogen invasion → tissue damage → clinical signs

A key nursing protocol when treating infectious patients is:

A. Free roaming in the treatment area

B. Isolation or barrier nursing

C. Allowing them to share bowls with others

D. Restricting oxygen therapy

B. Isolation or barrier nursing

Client education for infectious disease includes:

A. Avoiding vaccinations

B. Increasing social contact

C. Practicing hygiene and limiting contact with other animals

D. Feeding raw diets only

C. Practicing hygiene and limiting contact with other animals

Kennel cough is most commonly caused by which pathogen?

A. Canine parvovirus

B. Bordetella bronchiseptica

C. Dirofilaria immitis

D. Feline herpesvirus

B. Bordetella bronchiseptica

A classic clinical sign of kennel cough is:

B. Harsh, hacking cough with retching

Which diagnostic method is MOST useful for confirming kennel cough?

B. Tracheal swab PCR

The primary causative agent of canine influenza is:

FHV-1

Dogs with influenza often show:

A. Seizures and ataxia

B. Cough, fever, nasal discharge

C. PU/PD

D. Hemorrhagic diarrhea

B. Cough, fever, nasal discharge

The most accurate diagnostic for canine influenza is:

B. PCR on respiratory secretions

Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) typically causes:

B. Corneal ulcers

Feline calicivirus classic sign is:

B. Oral ulcers

A cat with sneezing, conjunctivitis, and nasal discharge most likely has:

A. FLUTD

B. Feline URI (upper respiratory infection)

C. Hyperthyroidism

D. Pancreatitis

B. Feline URI

The most common diagnostic used in feline URI cases is:

A. PCR testing

Which is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

A. Kidney failure

B. Regurgitation

C. Flea infestation

D. Hypothyroidism

B. Regurgitation

A hallmark sign of bacterial pneumonia is:

A. Hypertension

B. Crackles on lung auscultation

C. Hematemesis

D. PU/PD

B. Crackles on lung auscultation

Best diagnostic for pneumonia:

A. Thoracic radiographs

Which pathogen causes fungal respiratory disease?

B. Blastomyces

A dog with chronic cough, fever, weight loss, and systemic signs may have:

C. Fungal respiratory disease

Best diagnostic for systemic fungal disease:

A. Fungal antigen test

Canine heartworm infection is caused by:

A. Nematodes in intestines

B. Dirofilaria immitis larvae

C. Tapeworm

D. Protozoa

B. Dirofilaria immitis larvae

Early pulmonary signs of heartworm include:

A. Exercise intolerance and cough

B. Blindness

C. PU/PD

D. Tremors

A. Exercise intolerance and cough

The gold standard diagnostic for heartworm infection is:

A. PCR

B. Antigen test + microfilaria test

C. Radiograph of abdomen

D. Skin scrape

B. Antigen test + microfilaria test

A dog with chronic unilateral bloody nasal discharge likely has:

B. Nasal neoplasia

Facial deformity and sneezing with hemorrhagic discharge is suggestive of:

C. Nasal tumor

Best diagnostic for nasal tumors

A. CT + biopsy

Parvo commonly causes:

A. PU/PD

B. Severe vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea

C. Cough and nasal discharge

D. Head tilt

B. Severe vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea

Classic CBC finding with parvo:

B. Leukopenia

Best parvo diagnostic:

A. ELISA fecal antigen test

Feline panleukopenia is caused by:

C. Feline parvovirus (FPV)

Classic sign in FPV

B. Severe leukopenia

Common cause of acute gastritis:

A. Epilepsy

B. Dietary indiscretion

C. Uroliths

D. Otitis externa

B. Dietary indiscretion

Diagnostics for gastritis include all EXCEPT:

A. Ultrasound

B. Endoscopy

C. Fecal ELISA

D. Radiographs

C. Fecal ELISA

Classic signs of HGE:

B. Sudden onset bloody diarrhea + high PCV

The most definitive diagnostic for IBD:

B. GI biopsy

A dog with chronic vomiting, weight loss, and appetite change might have:

A. IBD

B. Conjunctivitis

C. Heartworm

D. Pyometra

A. IBD

Which sign strongly suggests a foreign body?

B. Persistent vomiting

Best tool for diagnosing obstruction:

A. CT of head

B. Radiographs + ultrasound

C. Ear cytology

D. Skin punch biopsy

B. Radiographs + ultrasound

The hallmark sign of GDV is:

A. Corneal ulcer

B. Acute abdominal distention

C. Chronic pruritus

D. PU/PD

B. Acute abdominal distention

Most important GDV diagnostic:

A. Lateral abdominal radiograph

B. Fecal float

C. Ear cytology

D. UA

A. Lateral abdominal radiograph

Ulcers are commonly caused by:

A. Hypothyroidism

B. NSAIDs or steroids

C. Hyperthyroidism

D. Diabetes

B. NSAIDs or steroids

Hematemesis and melena indicate:

B. Gastric ulcers

Colitis typically presents as:

A. Large bowel diarrhea with mucus and tenesmus

Best diagnostic for colitis

A. Colonoscopy + biopsy

CKD is typically caused by:

B. Multifactorial renal damage (glomerular, interstitial, toxins)

A classic clinical sign of chronic kidney disease is:

A. Coughing

B. PU/PD

C. Hindlimb paralysis

D. Hematemesis

B. PUPD

Dogs and cats with CKD often show:

B. Weight loss and dehydration

Most important bloodwork values for diagnosing CKD:

C. BUN, creatinine, SDMA

A hallmark urine finding in CKD

B. Isosthenuria (low, fixed specific gravity)