Chapter 6 The Duel for North America 1608-1763

APUSH Part 1 Folunding the New Nation c. 33,000 BCE - 1783 CE dih to yo crack name 5 names

Which three Old World nations were fighitng for control of North America?

England, France ,and Spain.

Which war helped cause the American Revolution?

the French and Indian War (NA theater of the Seven Year’s War.)

What problem caused France to be late in colonizing the New World and how was it solved?

In the 1500s it was convulsed by foreign wars and domestic strife, including the clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. Then, in 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued by the crown, which granted limited toleration to French Protestants. Religious wars stopped, and in the new century France became the strongest nation in Europe.

Who was King Louis XIV (1638-1715) and how did he cause the French to colonize the New World?

He was king of France and was deeply intersted in overseas colonies.

What happened in 1608?

The permanent beginnings of a French empire were established at Quebec. The leading figure was Samuel de Champlain, a soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title Father of New France.

What were French relations with the Indians like?

Champlain had friendly relations with the nearby Huron INdian tribes. He joined them in battle against their foes, the Iroquois tribes of the upper NY area. After a battle that left 3 dead and one wounded, France earned the lasting enmity of the Iroquois tribes. They thereafter hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley, sometimes ravaging French settlements and frequently serving as allies of the British in the prolonged struggle for supremacy on the continent.

What was the government of New France (Canada) like?

It was under the direct control of the king after various commercial ocmpanies had faltered or failed. It was almost completely autocratic. There were no elected representative assembles, nor did they have the right to trial by jury, as in the ENglish colonies.

What was the population growoth of Catholic New France like and how come it was like that?

It was slow. Protestant Huguenots, who might’ve had a religious motive to migrate, weren’t allowed to go. THe French government, in any case, favored its Caribbean island colonies, rich in sugar and rum, over the the wilderness of Canada.

What was the most valuable resource of New FRance?

It was the beaver. European fashionistas valued beaver-pelt hats for their warmth and appearance. And so French fur-trappers hunted the beaver in North America.

Who were the coureurs de bois?

They were French Canadian fur-trappers. Teh term translates to runner of the woods.

Who were the French voyageurs?

French voyageurs were French-Canadian men who transported goods and furs for the fur trade in North America. They recruited Indians into the fur business.

WHat were the drawbacks of the fur trade?

Indians recruited into the fur business were decimated by the white man’s diseases and debauched by his alcohol. Slaughtering beaver by the boatload also violated many Indians’ religious beliefs and sadly demonstrated the shattering effect that contact with Europeans wreaked on traditional Indian ways of life.

What were the effects of the fur trade?

Many populations of beaver were extinguished in many areas, which infliced tons of ecological damage.

Who were the Jesuits?

THey were French Catholic missionaries that labored to save the Indians for CHrist and from teh fur-trappers. Some of the missionaries suffered unspeakable tortures from the Indians. HOwever, they played a vital role as explorers and geographers.

What were the goals of explorers who sought neither souls nor fur?

Their goal was empire, meaning to gain land for the French.

Who was Antoine Cadillac?

He founded Detroit, the city of straits, in 1701 to thrwat English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley.

Who was Robert de La Salle?

To chek Spanish penetration into the region of the Gulf of Mexico, he floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to the point where it mingles with the Gulf. He named the interior basin “Louisinana,” in honor of his sovereign, Lousi XIV. Dreaming of empire, he returned to the Gulf three years later with a colonizing expedition of four ships. But he failed to find the Mississippi delta, landed in Spanish Texas, and in 1687 was murdered by his mutinous men.

What was the French fort at New Orleans?

It was one of the posts that French officials made to block Spain from advancing on ot the Gulf of Mexico. This was the most important post and commanded the mouth of the MIssissippi River. It also tapped the fur trade of the huge interior valley

Where else did France have trading posts and forts?

Illinois

WHat was King Williams war (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s WAr (1702-1713)?

They were the earliest contests among the European powers for control of North America and the names were given by the British colonists. It mostly pitted British colonists against the French coureurs de bois, with both sides recruiting whatever Indian allies they could.

What were the early battles between Britain and Francel like in America?

Neither France nor Britain at this stage considered America worth the commitment of large detachments of regular troops, so the combatants waged a kind of primitive guerrilla warfare. Indian allies of the French ravaged the British colonial frontiers. Spain, who sided with France, probed from its Florida base at South Carolina settlements. The British colonists failed in sallies against Quebec and Montreal but scored a victory when they temporarily seized the stronghold of Port Royal in Acadia.

What were the effects of the early wars?

Peace terms, signed at Utrecht in 1713, revealed how badly France and its Spanish ally had been beaten. . Britain was rewarded with French-populated Acadia (which the British renamed Nova Scotia, or New Scotland) and Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. These immense tracts pinched the St. Lawrence settlements of France, foreshadowing their ultimate doom. A generation of peace then ensured.

What was colonial life like after the wars?

During the peace after the wars, the British provided the colonise with decades of salutary neglect.

What is salutary neglect and what were its effects?

Salutary neglect was a policy of the British government in the 18th century that involved lax enforcement of parliamentary laws in the American colonies. The policy was in effect from about 1690 to 1760. It became a cause of the American revolution.

What was the War of Jenkins’s Ear and what was it’s cause?

It occurred in 1739 between the Brits and Spaniards. Due to the treaty of 1713, the Brits won some trading rights in Spanish America, but these later invovled much friciton over smuggling, and ill feelings flared when British captain Robert Jenkins, encountering Spanish revenue authorities, had one ear sliced off. After the Spanish commander insulted him and the king. Resentment was aroused when Jenkins returned home to Britain. It was fought in the Caribbean and Georgia.

What did the scuffle with Spain in America soon lead to?

In 1744, it merged into the larger War of Austrian Succession, which in North America was called King George’s War (1744–1748). France allied itself with Spain and fought against the British.

What did the colonists do in King George’s War?

New Englanders invaded New France. Wit help from a British fleet, they captured the French fortress of Louisbourg.

What were the effects of King George’s War?

When the peace treaty of 1748 gave Louisbourg back to the French, the New Englanders who had fought to capture it were furious. They felt like their hard-earned victory had been taken away by European politicians who didn’t care about their efforts. Even worse, Louisbourg remained a major threat to the American. France was still strong, still unsatisfied, and still holding onto its large territories in North America.

Why did France and Britain fight for the Ohio Valley?

The Ohio Country was the critical area into which the westward-pushing British colonists would inevitably penetrate. For France, it was also the key to the continent that the French had to retain, particularly if they were going to link their Canadian holdings with those of the lower Mississippi Valley. By the mid-1700s, the British colonists, painfully aware of these basic truths, became more willing to support Britain’s imperial ambitions. Alarmed by French land-grabbing and fur-trade competition in the Ohio Valley, they were determined to fight for their economic security and for the supremacy of their way of life in North America.

What happened in 1749?

A group of British colonial speculators, mainly influential Virginais, including the Washingtons, had secured shaky legal ‘Rights” to some 500,000 acres in this region. In the same disputed wilderness, the French were in the process of erecting a chain of forts commanding the Ohio River.

What happened in 1754?

The governor of Viriginia sent 21 year old surveyor and Virgininian George Washington to the Ohio Country as a lieutaenant colonel to secure the Virginians’ claims.

What was the cause of the French and Indian War?

It was the dispute over the Ohio River Valley betwen the British and French. After Washington was dispatched to the contested area, he and his men encountered and fought against a small detachment of French troops in the forest near Fort Duquesne. The French leader was killed and his men retreated. However, the French returned with reinforcements and after a ten-hour siege of Fort Necessity, Wsahington surrendered in 1754 but was alloewed to march his men away.

What was the fourth Anglo-French colonial war?

It was the French and Indian War, and unlike the other three, it began in America. It was started by George Washington in the Ohio Valley in 1754 and lasted for 2 years on an undeclared basis and widened into the largest war at that time—the Seven Years’ War.

What was the Seven Years’ War?

It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, in Africa, and on the Ocean and grew from the French and Indian War.

Who was fighting in Europe in the 7 Year’s War?

It was Britian and Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.

What was the 7 Year’s War like in the New World?

Due to the French wasting so much strength in Europe, they didn’t have enough power to fight against the British colonists.

How was the 7 Year’s War different from the other wars the colonists fought in?

In previous colonial clashes, the Americans had no unity, but this time they were.

What happened in 1754?

The British govt. summoned an intercolonial congress to Albany, New York. Delegates from 7 of the 13 colonies showed pu. THe purpose was to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the 7 year’s war.

What was the main purpose of the meeting at Albany?

The purpose was to to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster the common defense against France

What was the attempt for colonial unity like during the Alabany Congress?

Benjamin Franklin, the leading spiriti of the congress, devised a premature scheme for colonial home rule. Although teh delegates unanimously adopted the plan, but to the colonists, it didn’t seem to give enough independence while to teh British officials, it seemed to give too much.

What were British regulars?

They were the professional soldiers of the British Army stationed in the American colonies.

What was the French and Indian War like for the British colonists initially?

It went badly for them.

What did General Edward Braddock do?

He was sent to Virginia with British ergulars. His goal was to capture Fort Duquesne but failed and was killed by a small French and Indian army.

What was the invasion of Canada like by the Briish in 1756?

They tried to attack a number of exposed wilderness posts simultaneously, instead of throwing all their strength at Québec and Montréal. This led to them losing.

What was the turning point for Britain after they had suffered all the previous losses?

They brought forth a leader anmed William Pitt. He was known as teh “Great" Commoner” and drew much off his strength form teh common people.

What did PItt do?

In 1757 he became a foremost leader in the London government. He decided to concentrate the battle in the Quebec-Montreal area.

What was the first significant victory for Brittain in during the French and Indian war?

A British expedition was dispatched in 1758 against Louisbourg and the fortress fell.

Who was James Wolfe?

He was a British officer sent to Quebec. Although he was fatally wounded, the French were defeated and the city surrendered. This was known as the Battle of Quebec.

What marekd the end of the French and Indian War?

The fall of Montreal in 1760.

What wree the effects of the French and Indian War?

The French were thrown off the continent of North America by the peace settlement at Paris (1763). However, they were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They also compensated their ally the Spanish by ceding to them all of trans-Mississippi Lousiana and the outlet of New Orleans. Spain turned Florida over to Britain in return for Cuba. Most of all, Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America while becoming the leading naval powerof the world.

What were the effects of the French and Indian War on the colonists?

They became more confident in their military strenght. Althoug hthe war boosted colonial self-esteem, it shattered the myth of British invincibility.

Why did British authorities ban the export of all supplies from New Engalnd and the middle colonies?

many American colonists were not fully committed to supporting Britain’s war efforts as some colonial merchants, using fake documents, secretly traded with enemy ports in the Spanish and French West Indies. This illegal trade in food helped sustain these enemy islands, even while the British navy was trying to defeat them. As a result, in the final year of the war, Britain was forced to take extreme action and banned the export of all supplies from New England and the Middle Colonies.

What terroitorial holdings did Spain have after the war?

Spain was temporarily removed from Florida, but it still had a strong presence in Louisiana and New Orleans. Additionally, Spain maintained control over much of western North America, including the vast region stretching from present-day Texas to California.

How did the French and INdian war affect the Indians?

the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years’ War dealt a harsh blow to the Iroquois, Creeks, and other interior tribes. The Spanish removal from Florida and the French removal from Canada deprived the Indians of their most powerful diplomatic weapon— the ability to play off the rival European powers against one another. In the future the Indians would have to negotiate exclusively with the British.

What was Pontiac’s uprising?

the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. This was because he sensed the newly precarious position of the Indian peoples after the war. The British retaliated swifty and crushed the uprising. An uneasy truce was then brought to the frontie.r

What were the effects of Pontiac’s war?

It convinced the Britis of the need to stabilize relations with the western Indians and to keep regular troops stationed along the restless frontier, a measure for which they soon asked the colonists to foot the bill.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

The London government prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. The goal wasn’t to oppres the colonists, but to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent another Indian uprising.

How did Americans react to the Proclamaiton fo 1763?

They were dismayed and anger. They believed the land beyond the Appalachians to be their brithright. They defied the proclamation and went westward.