Bio Chapter 3

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21 Terms

1
Macromolecules
Large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules.
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2
Monomers
Single units that join together to form larger polymers through covalent bonds.
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3
Polymers
Larger structures formed by the joining of monomers.
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4
Dehydration Reaction
A reaction that joins monomers by releasing a water molecule and forming a covalent bond.
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5
Hydrolysis Reaction
A reaction that breaks polymers down into monomers by using a water molecule for each bond broken.
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6
Carbohydrates
Macromolecules that are vital energy sources and provide structural support in cells.
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7
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units like glucose.
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8
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides joined together, like sucrose.
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9
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides, like starch and glycogen.
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10
Glycosidic Bonds
Covalent bonds formed between monosaccharides during dehydration reactions.
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11
Lipids
Nonpolar and hydrophobic macromolecules that include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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12
Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
Another name for fats, which are a stored form of energy composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
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13
Phospholipids
Lipids that form the matrix of cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
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14
Proteins
Macromolecules that perform diverse functions in cells, including enzymatic activity and structural support.
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15
Amino Acids
The monomers that make up proteins, each containing a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and R group.
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16
Peptide Bond
The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
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17
Nucleic Acids
Molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities like cell division and protein synthesis.
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18
DNA
A nucleic acid that carries genetic information and has a double-helical structure.
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19
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and its regulation.
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20
mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
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21
tRNA
Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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