AP World Unit 3 Flashcards

Henry VIII

English king known for his six marriages and the English Reformation

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled over vast territories and opposed Protestantism

Philip II

Spanish king known for strong Catholic rule and conflict with England

Spanish Armada

Failed naval invasion of England by Spain in 1588

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty allowing rulers to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories

Edict of Nantes

1598 decree granting religious rights to Huguenots in France

Thirty Years’ War

Prolonged religious conflict in Europe primarily between Catholics and Protestants

Peace of Westphalia

1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years' War and establishing state sovereignty

indulgences

Payments for the remission of sins in the Catholic Church

simony

The buying or selling of church positions

Holy Synod

Governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church established by Peter the Great

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation aimed at reforming the Church

Inquisition

Church tribunal established to combat heresy

Jesuits

Catholic religious order focused on education and missionary work

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council addressing Church reform and countering Protestantism

Martin Luther

German monk whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation

95 Theses

Document criticizing church practices, particularly indulgences

John Calvin

Theologian who promoted predestination and a strict moral code

elect

Those predestined for salvation according to Calvinist belief

predestined

Belief that one's spiritual fate is predetermined

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging the authority and practices of the Catholic Church

Anglican Church

Protestant church formed in England, led by the monarch

shariah

Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith

Sikhism

Religion founded in the 15th century in Punjab, combining Hindu and Islamic elements

empiricism

Philosophical approach emphasizing knowledge through sensory experience.

divine right of kings

Authority granted by God to rule

justices of the peace

Local officials ensuring law and order

English Bill of Rights

Limitation on monarch’s power and individual rights

absolute

Unrestricted power held by a single ruler

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister centralizing French monarchy

intendants

Royal agents enforcing government orders in provinces

Louis XIV

Monarch symbolizing absolute rule and luxury

Ivan IV

First tsar known for tyrannical centralization

Romanov Dynasty

Ruling family in Russia from 1613 to 1917

Peter I

Tsar modernizing and expanding Russia

devshirme

Recruitment of Christian boys for military service

Janissaries

Elite soldiers loyal to the Ottoman sultan

daimyo

Feudal lords controlling territories in Japan

Edo

Capital city during the Tokugawa era

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of the Tokugawa military government

Period of Great Peace

Era of stability in Japan under Tokugawa

Tokugawa shogunate

Military government unifying Japan

Askia the Great

Ruler promoting Islam and efficiency in Songhai

Akbar

Mughal emperor known for tolerance and reforms

Delhi

Capital of the Mughal Empire

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor who built a famous mausoleum

tax farming

System delegating tax collection for profit

tributes

Payments signaling allegiance to a higher authority

zamindars

Local officials collecting taxes in Mughal India

Taj Mahal

Monumental mausoleum symbolizing love

Versailles

Lavish palace representing royal power in France

boyars

Noble class owning land in Russia

serfdom

Condition of laborers bound to land and master

Ming Dynasty

Chinese imperial period known for trade expansion and the Great Wall restoration

Manchu

Ethnic group that established Qing rule in China

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, marked by territorial expansion and population growth

Kangxi

Long-reigning Qing emperor known for cultural achievements and territorial consolidation

Emperor Qianlong

Qing ruler noted for military conquests and patronage of the arts

Gutenberg printing press

Invention that revolutionized information dissemination through movable type

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires like the Ottomans and Mughals that utilized gunpowder for expansion

Ottoman Empire

Vast empire based in modern-day Turkey, known for military conquests and cultural achievements

shah

Title for the monarch in Persian-speaking regions

Safavid Empire

Persian empire known for its Shia Islam establishment and cultural revival

Mughal Empire

South Asian empire known for its wealth, cultural achievements, and architectural marvels

ghazi ideal

Concept of a warrior fighting in the name of Islam, promoting religious expansion

castes

Rigid social stratification system prevalent in India, defining social status and occupation

Ivan IV (Russia)

First Tsar of Russia, known for centralization of power and territorial expansion

Tamerlane

Central Asian conqueror known for his brutal campaigns and empire-building

Suleiman I (Ottoman Empire)

Influential Ottoman sultan known for legal reform and territorial expansion

Ismail (Safavid Empire)

Founder of the Safavid dynasty, established Shia Islam as state religion

Shah Abbas I (Safavid Empire)

Prominent Safavid ruler known for military reform and cultural achievements

Akbar (Mughal Empire)

Notable Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms