global history regents review

john locke

believed the government should be securing the life and property of its citizens

maximialien robespierre

leader of the Reign of Terror

Berlin Conference

meeting where the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa

berlin wall

wall built by the communists around the city of west berlin to prevent people from east germany (communist) from fleeing to west germany (democratic)

blitzrieg

German word meaning “Lighting War”

• war conducted with great speed and force

Simon Bolivar

most important figure in the fight for Latin American independence

boxer rebellion

a rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination however, they failed

gandhi

nationalist leader in india

• called for a non violent revolution to gain his country freedom from the british

genocide

the killing of all people from an ethnic group, religious group, or people from a specific nation

imperialism

a system in which a powerful country controls a weaker country

iron curtain

describes the imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of western europe from the communist countries of eastern europe

nelson mandela

south african leader who protested the policy of apartheid

• spent 30 years in prison before becoming the first black president of south africa

salt march

led by ghandi

many indians protested the british tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt

Tiananmen square massacre

peaceful protest by university students in Beijing, China

• called for political and social reforms (wanted more rights & a say in the government)

• resulted in the military using force to end it

• caused thousands of deaths and injuries

treaty of versailles

• ended ww1

• made Germany take blame for the war

• major cause of ww2

montesquieu

advocated the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers

french revolution

causes:

• third estate had to pay all taxes for the first and second estate who had more money

• no representation in government

• treated unfairly (wanted enlightenment ideas)

events:

• reign of terror

• declaration of rights of man and woman and citizen

reign of terror

the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects'

napoleon bonaparte

• restored political stability in France after the overthrow of the government (weak leadership following the Reign of Terror)

congress of vienna

• restore stability to promote a balance of power among European nations to prevent future conflicts

sepoy mutiny

failed rebellion by india to gain independence from great britian (like the boxer rebellion in china)

imperialism in japan

• from 1600-1854, japan was largely isolated

• but then in 1854, commodore mathew perry (U.S.) sailed into japan in order to open to open the country for trade

meiji restoration

• rapid growth of modernization/ westernization

modernization- japan industrialized (built factories, roads, machines)

westernization- japan adopted the customs of western countries (changed its government, military, education to make it more like those of Europe and the U.S.)

japanese imperialism

• since japan now has factories, they needed natural resources/raw materials (coal, tin, iron) to make products

• however they had few natural resources of their own, so they took over korea and part of china to obtain these resources

world war 1

• fought mainly in europe

  causes of ww1:

  • Militarism: military build-up and supply of weapons (especially germany & britian)

  • Alliances: european countries divided themselves (Triple Alliance & Triple Entente) which increased tensions

  • Imperialism: countries in europe competed with each other to take over lands in africa, asia, and the Balkans

  • Nationalism: ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted to gain independence from Austria-Hungary and were willing to fight for it

start of world war 1

• when Archduke Ferdinand (the heir of the throne of Austria-Hungary) was assassinated by the Slavic nationalists in the Balkans

cuban missile crisis

(cold war)

• began when the US discovered that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba (a new communist nation) and pointing nuclear missiles at the US

• ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles

this is the closest the world has come to a nuclear war between countries

arms race

(cold war)

the US and Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons

socialism

an economic system in which major industries are owned by the workers, rather than by private businesses or the state.

mao zedong

• first communist dictator of china

• gained the support of peasants because he promised them their own land once the communists were brought to power

great leap forward

• attempt by mao to modernize the industrial and agricultural production of china

• peasants of china were forced to move onto large government farms

(similar to the five year plans and collectivization that took place in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin)

deng xioping

• ruled china after mao zedong

• changed the economy from a communist economy to a capitalist economy

• called the army to end the protests in the Tiananmen Square

nonalignment

neutrality

• ex. india followed nonalignment as they did not choose sides during the cold war

d-day invasion

(WWII)

• beginning of the final Allied push against Germany

• resulted in the eventual defeat of Germany

japanese agression (ww2)

japan took over korea, manchuria china, and southeast asia to obtain natural resources

rape of nanking

event where the japanese raped and killed chinese civilians in the city of nanking

pol pot

• leader of the khmer rouge and ruler of cambodia from 1976-1979

• brutal dictator, denied people of human rights

executed 2 million people within his nation

jomo kenyatta

gained independence for kenya

kwame nkurmah

gained independence for ghana

apartheid

• system of racial segregation used in south africa from 1948 to 1990

they were required to use separate bathrooms, schools, and beaches

communist manifesto

• written by germans Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

they wrote this during the industrial revolution when there was an increasing gap between the rich and the poor. they encouraged the proletariat (lower class) to rise up and eliminate all distinctions of classes. they favored a classless society. (their ideas became the basis of communism)

fascism

containment

policy used by the US to stop the spread of communism

• examples were the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

opium war

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

treaty of nanjing

1842, ended Opium war

Kemal Ataturk

First president of turkey & nationalist who modernized turkey

• people of turkey were required to dress like europeans

• helped establish democracy in turkey , gave women the right to vote

however, many muslims resented Kemal since he eliminated Islamic laws and created secular (non religious) laws

Laissez-faire

promoting free markets and allowing businesses to operate without interference

Lenin

Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained the support of the Russian people by promising them “Peace, Land, and Bread”.

• this slogan meant they will get Russia out of WW1

Russian Revolution

the people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government

Causes:

• ww1 caused food shortages

• Czar Nicholas II was denying the rights of the people, abused his power

Bolsheviks

radical (extreme) group that was leading the Russian Revolution

• leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin

Effects of the Russian Revolution

• Czar Nicholas II was executed

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia

• Russia became a communist nation

Joseph Stalin

Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union (Russia)

• established a communist economy

• created the five year plans and collectivization

• took away food from the people of ukraine. millions died from starvation

battle of stalingrad

Hitler failed to conquer Russia due to the harsh climate and the large size of the nation.

• The same happened with Napoleon Bonaparte

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II. Japan surrendered shortly after

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

NATO

created after WW2 to prevent another war from taking place

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Glasnost

• program in which Gorbachev allowed freedom of speech within the Soviet Union

• major step toward democracy in the Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev

the Soviet leader who helped bring an end to communism in the Soviet Union

• created the Perestroika and the Glasnost programs

Perestroika

program in which Gorbachev changed the economy of the Soviet Union from a communist economy to a capitalist economy

berlin airlift

event where the US, Britain, and France flew in supplies to the people of West Berlin after Stalin set up a blockade

Truman Doctrine

the US gave $400 milllion in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them defeat the communist countries of Eastern Europe

Marshall Plan

the US gave $13 billion to the countries of Western Europe to help them rebuild after WWII