DBQ terms practice

Powhatan Indians

inhabited the Atlantic seaboard in coastal Virginia. Encountered colonists, like John Smith, when Jamestown was created. Pocahontas was part of this tribe. Hunted and fished for food.

Paiute Indians

inhabited the Great Basin desert (modern Utah area). Ate birds, reptiles and insects.

Sioux Indians

inhabited the Great Plains (Minnesota, Nebraska & Dakotas). Lived off the buffalo and lived in tee-pees.

Iroquois Confederacy

American Indian alliance which started pre-Colombian contact in order to stop wars between their tribes. Most powerful Indian group on the east coast during the colonial period.

Mexica Indians

inhabited central Mexico. Lived in adobe houses and farmed. Had one of the most powerful Indian empires at European contact. Destroyed by Cortes and his men.

Wampanoag Indians

inhabited the Atlantic seaboard in the Northeast (Massachusetts) and encountered the Pilgrims when they arrived. Led by Massasoit at the time of contact. Hunted and fished for food.

Chinook Indians

inhabited the Pacific Northwest (Oregon & Washington) in long houses with ceremonial totem poles. Ate salmon and hunted.

Pueblos Indians

inhabited the American Southwest (four corners of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico & Arizona). Lived in adobe houses and cliff dwellings. Hunted small animals and subsistence farming.

Christopher Columbus

voyager whose four transatlantic voyages (1492-93, 1493-96, 1498-1500, and 1502-04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. Columbus made his transatlantic voyages under the sponsorship of Ferdinand II and Isabella I in Spain

Francisco Pizarro

a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain.

Hernando Cortes

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Mexica Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of Spain.

Jacques Cartier

French mariner, whose explorations of the Canadian coast and the St. Lawrence River (1534, 1535, 1541-42) laid the basis for later French claims to North America (see New France).

Enlightenment

the period in the history of western thought and culture characterized by dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics; these revolutions swept away the medieval world-view and ushered in our modern western world.

John Locke

an English philosopher, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Believed in the concept of "natural rights."

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Navigation Acts

a series of Acts passed in the English Parliament starting in 1651 and on through the 17th century. They were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in their colonies.

Protestant Reformation

the 16th-century religious movement that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would lead to many Europeans leaving the Catholic church to create smaller Christian denominations.

Salutary Neglect

refers to the seventeenth and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

Spanish Inquisition

judicial institution established to combat heresy in Spain. In practice, the Spanish Inquisition served to consolidate power of the Spanish monarchy, but was achieved through infamously brutal methods.

African Chattel Slavery

the owning of human beings of African descent as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited. They have no personal freedom or recognized rights and the institution is generational.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because she believed women should be able to preach and believed God directly communicates with humans.

George Whitefield

an English Anglican cleric who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement which started the First Great Awakening.

Indentured servitude

were men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter

John Rolfe

one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and married Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan.

John Smith

a British soldier or explorer who was a founder of the Jamestown colony in the early 1600s. Taken captive by Chief Powhatan and became a friend of chief's daughter, Pocahontas.

John Winthrop

an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony.

Mulatto

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent (part of the Spanish racial gradation system).

Mestizo

used in Spain and Latin America to mean a person of combined European and American Indian descent (part of the Spanish racial gradation system).

Pilgrims/Separatists

English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the perceived corruption of the Church of England and form independent local churches. Some of these people left England to create the Plymouth Colony.

Puritans

English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices. However, they wanted to remain within the Church of England. Some of these people left England to start the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Roger Williams

a Puritan who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because officials thought that he was spreading "dangerous ideas" such as separation of church and state. He began the settlement of Providence Colony in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.

William Penn

English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the Pennsylvania Colony as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe.

Colonial Quebec (1608)

Trading post created by Samuel de Champlain on the St. Lawrence River which started New France.

Fort Duquesne

a fort established by the French in 1754, at the convergence point of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. The siege of Fort Duquesne helped start the French and Indian War.

Jamestown (1607)

first permanent English settlement in North America, located on the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

originally settled by a group of about 1,000 English Puritans under Gov. John Winthrop by those seeking religious refuge.

New Netherlands (1624)

a Dutch colony in North America, which served as a trading post (especially for furs). The colony eventually became New York when it was seized by the British.

Charter colony

a colony, such as Virginia or Massachusetts, created by royal authorization under the control of a trading company or corporate colonies, and exempt from interference by the Crown.

House of Burgesses

the first legislative assembly in the American colonies. The first assembly met on July 30, 1619, in the church at Jamestown.

Mayflower Compact

document signed on an English ship prior to its landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The document was meant to legitimize a colony that sailed too far north of the royal colonial charter. It was the first system of self-government in the colonies.

Proprietary colony

Owned by a person (always a white male) or family, who could make laws and appoint officials as he or they pleased.

Royal colony

colonies that were under the direct control of the King, who usually appointed a Royal Governor.

Virginia Company

was a joint-stock company chartered by King James I in 1606 to establish a colony on the Chesapeake Bay. The colony allowed the Crown to reap the benefits of colonization—natural resources, new markets for English goods, leverage against the Spanish—without bearing the costs.

Bacon's Rebellion

an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginian poor farmers, white indentured servants and black slaves against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Berkeley won but a long-term consequence was the phasing out of indentured servitude in favor of increased slavery.

French and Indian War

phase of a worldwide nine years' war (1754-63) fought between France and Great Britain. (The more-complex European phase was the Seven Years' War [1756-63].) It determined control of the vast colonial territory of North America.

King Philip's War

war that pitted Wampanoag Indians against English settlers that was one of the bloodiest conflicts (per capita) in U.S. history. Philip (Metacom) was a son of Chief Massasoit, the chief who had greeted the first colonists of New England at Plymouth.

Stono Rebellion

a slave rebellion that began in September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 42-47 whites and 44 blacks killed.

Pueblo Revolt

was an uprising of most of the indigenous people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe, New México. It was the most successful native uprising in North America.

Anglicization

the process of converting something to more "English" norms.

"City on a Hill"

phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in Jesus's Sermon on the Mount, "You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden." John Winthrop stated that the Massachusetts Bay Colony was going to be created under this model.

Encomienda System

in colonial Spanish America, it was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people. Indians were made to work the land for their conquerors.

Folkways in pre-1763 America

The paths taken by European immigrants into British North America. Example: the Scotch-Irish moved through the ports of the Middle Colonies into the Southern back country.

Foraging

search widely for food or provisions. American Indians adapted to their environment to hunt and forage based on the availability of resources.

Great Puritan Migration

immigration in this period of English religious dissidents to Massachusetts. They came in family groups rather than as isolated individuals and were motivated chiefly by a quest for freedom to practice their strict faith.

Halfway Covenant

an agreement extending partial church membership to church members' children who had not yet experienced conversion. This was done to keep more people in the Puritan faith.

Harvard College

Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world.

Headright System

originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.

Middle Passage

refers to the part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

Protestant Evangelism

was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies, in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. Also known as the Great Awakening.

Triangular Trade

describes the Atlantic trade routes between three different destinations, or countries, in Colonial Times. The routes, covered England, Europe, Africa, the Americas and the West Indies. The West Indies supplied slaves, sugar, molasses and fruits to the American colonies.

Johnathan Edwards

Minister during the First Great Awakening. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” emphasizes “free will.” Credited as a Enlightenment thinker.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Mexica (Aztec) Mexico 1519-1521 for Spain.

Racial caste system under Spanish

Based one’s social status on the amount of African, Indian and Spanish blood. (Mestizo, Mullato, etc.)

Samuel de Champlain

Established Quebec. First permanent French colony in the Americas.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Anti-Federalist v. Federalist Debate

heated discussion occurred over the details of a new Constitution for the U.S. Those one one side wanted a strong federal government, wanted the wealthy and educated to lead and was led by Alexander Hamilton. The opposing group believed the states should hold more power all people should be represented in the government, and was led by Thomas Jefferson.

Articles of Confederation

first constitution of the United States created in reaction to the abuses of the British crown. Had many weaknesses like a weak federal government, states could print their own money and only one branch of government--the legislative branch.

3/5 Compromise

One part of the new Constitution (1787) which addressed concerns about representation in Congress. It said slaves would be counted as three-fifths a free person when apportioning Representatives, as well as Presidential electors and taxes in a given state.

Great Compromise

One part of the new Constitution (1787) which addressed concerns about representation in Congress. It reconciled the Virginia Plan (a House of Representatives based on state population) and New Jersey Plan (a Senate based on equality of each state) to create a bicameral legislature.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal led by small states during the Constitutional Convention. It proposed creating a single house Congress based on the equal representation for each state (a Senate).

Virginia Plan

A proposal led by large states during the Constitutional Convention. It proposed creating a single house Congress based on the population of each state (House of Representatives).

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to being taxed by the British.

Proclamation of 1763

was issued by King George and forbade all British colonial settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains in favor of reserving the western land for American Indians.

Stamp Act (1765)

an act of Parliament that imposed a direct tax on the colonies of British America and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Enacted to raise money for the crown.

Sugar Act (1764)

a law enacted and aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies to the British colonies and at providing increased revenues to pay back the crown for fighting the French and Indian War.

Tea Act (1773)

law enacted to reduce the massive amount of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive. A related objective was to undercut the price of illegal tea, smuggled into Britain's North American colonies.

Townshend Acts (1767)

series of laws enacted to tax certain goods such as: glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. In response to the sometimes violent colonial protests, Great Britain sent more troops to the colonies.

Common Sense (1776)

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 advocating colonial independence from Great Britain. Published when many colonists did not want independence from Britain, it made a clear and persuasive argument using Enlightenment thought to encourage colonists to fight for egalitarian government.

The American Crisis

a pamphlet series by 18th century Enlightenment philosopher and author Thomas Paine, originally published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution. One of the pamphlets is famous for starting with the line, "These are the times that try men's souls…"

First Continental Congress (1774)

was a meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was called in response to passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament. The Intolerable Acts had punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Non-Importation Agreement

were a series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists (boycott) to protest British revenue policies prior to the American Revolution.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

a letter to King George III, from members of the Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the colonists to resolve the tension with Britain peacefully. The King rejected the letter and threatened to hang the Congressmen.

Abigail Adams

the closest adviser and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. She is considered to have been a Founder of the United States due to her influence over her husband.
She had some radical beliefs such as she wanted women and blacks involved in politics.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding Father and leader of the Federalist party. He was the architect of the American economic system. Was killed in a dual with the Aaron Burr.

Crispus Attucks

runaway slave living in Boston. He was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and considered by some to be the first casualty of the American Revolution.

James Madison

was an American statesman and Founding Father from Virginia who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Prior to the presidency, he wrote large parts of the Constitution.

John Adams

was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801. Continental Congress leader from Massachusetts.

King George III

King of Great Britain during the American Revolution.

Lord Cornwallis

Led the British Southern army during the American Revolution. His army was finally defeated at Yorktown by George Washington Daniel Morgan and Nathaniel Greene.

Loyalist/Tories

were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.

Sons of Liberty

secret society was formed to fight taxation and other forms oppression by the British government. A group of men from the "lower sort" but was organized by the wealthy patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock.

Thomas Paine

English-American writer and political pamphleteer whose Common Sense and "American Crisis" papers espoused Enlightenment ideas and were important influences on the American Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

A major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1777 in northern New York state. Benedict Arnold, who had not yet turned traitor, was a leader of the American offensive, which forced the surrender of British troops under General John Burgoyne.

Boston Massacre

was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed a group of colonials while under attack by a colonial mob.

Boston Tea Party

incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians.

French Revolution

a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
It was inspired by Enlightenment thought and the American Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Haiti that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It was inspired by the French and American Revolutions.

Pontiac's Rebellion

was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes, primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies after the British victory in the French and Indian War.

Shays' Rebellion

an armed uprising in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices. It exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that Redcoats were coming (1735-1818) specifically to get John Hancock and John Adams