Ap Human Geography Review

Reference Maps

show locations of places and geographic features

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

Chloropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Isoline Map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels

Geospacial Technology

GIS, GPS, Satellite Imagery, etc.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data

Relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

EX: Guns coming from British when they came to conquer with their guns

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people to a larger group of people

(Contains Hierarchical, Stimulus, and Contagious)

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

EX: President convincing citizens to get their vaccine

Stimulus Diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

EX: Indian menu at McDonalds is different than USA menu at McDonalds

Contagious Diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

EX:The whipped coffee trend, essentially any social media trend

Distance Decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

EX: Country borders, zip codes

nodal/functional region

An area organized around a hearth or center point

EX:Wifi router

vernacular region

A region that people construct in their mind

EX: Midwest

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

EX: Olympic started in ancient Greece and have now spread globally

Outsourcing

shifting a job or service to an overseas location, typically in order to save money

EX: American tech company hiring workers in Bangladesh to do the work for 1/4 of the cost

supply chain

the network of people, businesses, and technologies required to move a resource to a manufacturer, and the finished product to a consumer

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

EX: This would be high in a more developed country

GNI (Gross National Income)

The amount of money earned by everyone in a country.

EX: This is high in a more developed country

Limitations: Hides gap between rich and poor, misses. informal economy, and larger populations will always have a higher GNI

GNI per capita

The average level of GNI per head of population

EX: This is high in a more developed country

PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

IMR (infant mortality rate)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

EX: Higher in less developed countries. Democratic. Republic of Congo has a high IMR. Population is shrinking and there are less people to occupy important jobs in the future

NIR (natural increase rate)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

EX: Higher in less developed countries

TFR (total fertility rate)

the average number of children per woman

EX: Higher in less developed countries

HDI (Human Development Index)

measures life expectancy, birth and death rates, education, quality of life

EX: Higher in more developed countries, 1 is the best score a country can get

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

A statistic that measures gender inequality in a country

EX: Lower in a more developed country because on scale of 0-1., 0 means both genders are completely equal. Libya is an exception.

A policy that requires women to get a full education might help the gender inequality lower in countries.

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

EX: The US expansion onto Puerto Rico

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

EX: British taking over America

Footloose industry

Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.

EX: Apple because the raw materials are easy to assemble

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Agglomeration

Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.

EX: Movie industry in LA, computer tech in Silicon Valley

Intermodal shipping container

a standard-sized steel container that can be used on any form of transportation, including a cargo boat, a train, or semi truck

Containerization

The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

an area where business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country. These zones are typically located in developing countries and are intended to attract foreign businesses with incentives such as lower taxes and exemptions from tariffs. Concentrated in Asia and America because of large. working population

EX: Shenzhen is located South on the East coast of China. The government chose it because it is close to the shore and far from North Korea which is a desirable location. They lowered tariffs, they reduced corporate income taxes, and they made it

easier to obtain license/permits.

export processing zones (EPZs)

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where products can be sent out with little to no tariffs on them. Unlike SEZ, these are solely to attract foreign manufacturers

EX: EPZ in Northern Mexico with factories supplying goods into the US market

Complimentarity

When one country produces something the other needs

EX: China and the US have high complementarity because China exports clothing and tech products, and Americans want to buy those things

free trade

international trade free of government interference

Inputs

the resources—such as labor, money, materials, and energy—that are converted into outputs

output

goods and services created fm raw materials

Productivity

the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input

opportunity cost

whatever must be given up to obtain some item