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Reference Maps
show locations of places and geographic features
thematic map
a map that shows a particular theme, or topic
Chloropleth Map
a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.
Isoline Map
Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels
Geospacial Technology
GIS, GPS, Satellite Imagery, etc.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data
Relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
EX: Guns coming from British when they came to conquer with their guns
Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people to a larger group of people
(Contains Hierarchical, Stimulus, and Contagious)
Hierarchical Diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
EX: President convincing citizens to get their vaccine
Stimulus Diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
EX: Indian menu at McDonalds is different than USA menu at McDonalds
Contagious Diffusion
the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population
EX:The whipped coffee trend, essentially any social media trend
Distance Decay
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
formal region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
EX: Country borders, zip codes
nodal/functional region
An area organized around a hearth or center point
EX:Wifi router
vernacular region
A region that people construct in their mind
EX: Midwest
Globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
EX: Olympic started in ancient Greece and have now spread globally
Outsourcing
shifting a job or service to an overseas location, typically in order to save money
EX: American tech company hiring workers in Bangladesh to do the work for 1/4 of the cost
supply chain
the network of people, businesses, and technologies required to move a resource to a manufacturer, and the finished product to a consumer
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
EX: This would be high in a more developed country
GNI (Gross National Income)
The amount of money earned by everyone in a country.
EX: This is high in a more developed country
Limitations: Hides gap between rich and poor, misses. informal economy, and larger populations will always have a higher GNI
GNI per capita
The average level of GNI per head of population
EX: This is high in a more developed country
PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)
an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
IMR (infant mortality rate)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
EX: Higher in less developed countries. Democratic. Republic of Congo has a high IMR. Population is shrinking and there are less people to occupy important jobs in the future
NIR (natural increase rate)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
EX: Higher in less developed countries
TFR (total fertility rate)
the average number of children per woman
EX: Higher in less developed countries
HDI (Human Development Index)
measures life expectancy, birth and death rates, education, quality of life
EX: Higher in more developed countries, 1 is the best score a country can get
GII (Gender Inequality Index)
A statistic that measures gender inequality in a country
EX: Lower in a more developed country because on scale of 0-1., 0 means both genders are completely equal. Libya is an exception.
A policy that requires women to get a full education might help the gender inequality lower in countries.
Imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
EX: The US expansion onto Puerto Rico
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
EX: British taking over America
Footloose industry
Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.
EX: Apple because the raw materials are easy to assemble
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
Agglomeration
Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.
EX: Movie industry in LA, computer tech in Silicon Valley
Intermodal shipping container
a standard-sized steel container that can be used on any form of transportation, including a cargo boat, a train, or semi truck
Containerization
The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers.
Tariffs
Taxes on imported goods
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
an area where business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country. These zones are typically located in developing countries and are intended to attract foreign businesses with incentives such as lower taxes and exemptions from tariffs. Concentrated in Asia and America because of large. working population
EX: Shenzhen is located South on the East coast of China. The government chose it because it is close to the shore and far from North Korea which is a desirable location. They lowered tariffs, they reduced corporate income taxes, and they made it
easier to obtain license/permits.
export processing zones (EPZs)
zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where products can be sent out with little to no tariffs on them. Unlike SEZ, these are solely to attract foreign manufacturers
EX: EPZ in Northern Mexico with factories supplying goods into the US market
Complimentarity
When one country produces something the other needs
EX: China and the US have high complementarity because China exports clothing and tech products, and Americans want to buy those things
free trade
international trade free of government interference
Inputs
the resources—such as labor, money, materials, and energy—that are converted into outputs
output
goods and services created fm raw materials
Productivity
the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input
opportunity cost
whatever must be given up to obtain some item
